CARDIOPULOMNARY Flashcards
(101 cards)
1
Q
Cellular homeostasis requires regulation of blood …
A
pressue
volume
content - o2, co2
temperature
these things can all be change by exercise
2
Q
fitness is about homeostatic …
A
capacity and power
3
Q
Cardiopulmonary Function is important for
A
normal
health
performance
4
Q
Your ability to supply oxygen to cells governs you ability to
A
work and exercise beyond mere seconds
5
Q
Oxygen consumption can be increases by
A
10 fold inactive to 20 fold in elite athletes
6
Q
Roles of Pulmonary System - Respiratory
A
Primarily to oxygenate blood and eliminate Co2 from cellular respirations. is meditated by ventilated of alveoli.
7
Q
Respiration
A
Oxidative metabolism, including transport processes
O2 = ventilate - diffuse - circulate - diffuse - mitochondria
CO2 = mitochondria - diffuse - circulate - diffuse - ventilate
8
Q
Hyperpnoea
A
increased ventilation
9
Q
Hyperventilation
A
over breathing, taking to much CO2 out of the blood which isn’t that good for you
10
Q
Airways and Branching
A
Trachea - Bronchi - Bronchioles - Terminal Bronchioles - Alveolar Ducts - Alveoli: Alveoli are a surfactant where most the air goes to for gas exchange. It’s barrier is a epithelial layer so easy to O2 and CO2 to diffuse through. It also receives huge blood supply
11
Q
Respiratory Cycle
A
Inspiration is active using diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
Expiration is passive at rest, and active in exercise.
12
Q
Work of Breathing rises greatly during …
A
exercise
3% energy usage at rest and 12-24% of energy at max exercise
13
Q
Ventilatory Equation
A
Ventilation = breathing frequency x tidal volume
increase tidal volume more but can keeping breathing frequency the same, it is more comfortable when you are exercising
this is your best measure of fitness
14
Q
Peak ventilatory in exercise is below
A
max ventilatory capacity
15
Q
Pleural Pressure
A
is important as the creates the pressure gradient for air to go in and out
16
Q
CO2 - as exercise gets harder
A
CO2 stays linear, it is important in exercise that ventilation stays downs for loner, as not as energy demanding and more comftable
17
Q
do a thing of slide 10 of lecture 1 of cardio
A
18
Q
Ventilation is ___ whilst cardiac output is _____
A
non-linear
linear
you lungs move greater volume than your heart
19
Q
Meeting Respiratory Demands of Exercise: Two key stages dictate exchange of O2 and CO2 between the atmosphere and the blood
A
- Alveolar Ventilation
- Alveolar - Blood Transfer
the diffusion or air into the blood, which is also driven by the gradient of each gas
20
Q
Alveolar Ventilation
A
this is the mass flow or air that the alveoli receive, which is driven by the pressure gradient of air
Tidal volume is the amount of air you breathe in, most of this goes to you alveolar volume to your alveoli, and a small same amount doesn’t get exchanged = dead space
21
Q
Types of dead space volume
A
Dead space = does not contribute to gas exchange
Anatomic Dead space = is due to structural, non alveolar volume of the respiratory tract
Physiological Dead space = mainly in the upper lung when the air goes into the lung but doesn’t undergo ventilation as the alveoli is greater than perfusion
22
Q
Alveolar Ventilation is controlled by inspiratory ….
A
duration
force
frequency
resistance
23
Q
Deeper breaths gets ____ gas exchange
A
more
24
Q
Shallow Breathes are ___ because ____
A
bad because often all the air goes into the dead space so no GE
25
How is ventilation controlled
due to rhythmic inspiratory neurons, controlled in the medial medulla in the brain stem, which these neurons turn themselves off. this cycle is modified by neural or humoral (blood) stimuli
26
Ventilatory Control at rest
this is mainly done by chemo-receptors
- central chemo-receptors which are strongly sensitive to CO2
- peripheral chemo-receptors which have limited sensitivity to O2, so it is hard to know when we are low on it/hypotoxic, this is also the only receptor that can detect it
27
CO2 to O2 sensitivity and their relationship
when CO2 increase the strong sensitive receptor dectect this fast and we increase our ventilation
when our O2 decrease our breathing hardly increases, we reach our hypoxic threshold, and we slowly start ventilating more
therefore when our body detects that CO2 is high this means that O2 is low, so it can make us ventilate more to increase O2 without the O2 recpetors doing much.
but when we drowning over breathing this doesn't happen as our CO2 stays the same
28
Neurogenic Factors _____ in Exercsie
Dominate
29
Neurogenic Factors during Exercise
1. Central Command (feedforward)
motor cortex output irradiates the medulla
2. Muscle (feedback)
mechanoreceptor when you muscle contract they feedback to the brain
3. Other ergoreceptors (fine tuning)
there is so much driving your brain that lead you to ventilating during exercise
30
Respiratory responses during exercise just keep ....
in creasing meaning they aren't sustainable
31
Ventilation during exercise
- rises rapidly
- is disproportional to O2 use
- fails to stabilise
- stays elevated during recovery
32
Co2 productions during exercise
- rises
- neutralised acidity
33
as exercise gets harder, ventilation
increases, which we use to measure fitness, by reaching certain thresholds
34
much info can be gained from
respiratory variable response
- threshold or sustainability
- ab/normal functions
- max response capabilities
35
Ventilation during Resistance Exercise
increase expiratory force during exertion and valsalva manoeurvre which stiffen the trunk, which controls blood pressue
36
Gas Dissolving Depend on
- pressure
- solubility
- temperature
- time
37
Fick's Law of Diffusion
Gas Diffusion Rate = Area/Thickness
the alveoli area is huge, and the blood air barrier is very think so means there is a high rate of diffusion.
therefore diffusion is fixed, so what we can change is the pressure gradient, by breathing
38
Of the air we breathe in O2 takes up what %
20%
39
O2 % as it goes to the Alveoli
When we breathe in air O2 is at 169 but then the water evaporated into the O2 on the way to the trachea so then we get to 149 then on the way to the alveoli we get to 100 as CO2 has diffused into it
40
Pressure at the Lungs
their is high O2 but low CO2 which means there is a huge gradient, allowing air to easily flow into the blood
41
Pressure at the Muscle's
their is high O2 but low CO2 which means there is a huge gradient, allowing air to easily flow into the muscles
when we are using lots of O2 in particular muscles the gradient becomes bigger than other muscles which allows O2 to travel into those muscles faster
42
CO2 Pressue
CO2 is very soluble which means that a small pressure gradient will allow equivalent exchange rate
43
O2 needs a gradient of ___x greater then CO2
10 x
44
O2 Transport in the Blood
O2 is poorly soluble in blood, these for some is in plasma making PO2
45
how much of your arterial blood is O2
1/5
46
% of blood that is bound to Hemoglobin and how much is plasma
99%
1%
47
At rest how much O2 is off loaded to the tissues
And at Exercise
25%
80-90%
48
Air Blood Barrier Process
There is a great pressure gradient between the alveoli and the capillary, so the o2 moves into the capillary, and bounds to a Hemoglobin (4 per 1 hb), the pressure gradient still remain as now that the O2 is on the Hemoglobin their is still a low pressure until or the Hemoglobin are full the the pressure gradient starts to fall.
49
O2 off loads from Hb to
muscle relevant conditions. the muscle that have less O2 due to using more, gets more O2 from the Hemoglobin off load
50
What things that can limit exercise
- desaturation of O2 this is when the Hemoglobin get rid of 90% of it O2
- High airway resistance
- pulmonary pressure effects on cardiac output
- high work of breathing
51
Arterial blood during intense exercise
it can become desaturate
this is common in elite athletes, particularly women
- limited ventilation
- short time that the blood flows for the O2 to get into the blood
52
CO2 transport
5-10% in the plasma ]
20% bound to the Hemoglobin
60-80% as bicarbonate
carbon forms with water to make H and bicarbonate
53
Bohr Effect
this is when the CO2 and temperature increases, and a decrease in pH, which increases O2
54
2,3 DPG
this is produced in rbc as a by product of glycosis
55
If you short of Hemoglobin you have ...
higher HR
56
Acid-Base Buffering
acid dissociate in solution, and buffers prevent this change.
CO2 and H are tightly related to each other and stimulate breathing, both indicate breathing and or perfusion.
three buffering mechanisms
- chemical
- pulmonary ventilation
- renal function
57
Haemostasis
the blood has to protect and regulate it self
58
Primarily Transport of Blood
- supply cells with O2 and nutrients
- remove products of cellular metabolism
- heat regulation
- transport endocrine hormones
- immune fuctions
- haemostasis
59
CVS - 2 systems in series
pulmonary - low pressure and reoxygenates through the lungs
systemic - high pressure and deoxygenation, through the body
60
Both 2 CVS systems has
arteries - arterioles - capillaries - venules - veins
61
Parellel flow within the two CVS systems
due to the successive branching vessels into billions of terminal vessels arranged into parallel, so that diffusion exchange can flow without resistance.
62
Cardiovascular Adjustments to Exercise
VO2 rises linearly with the power output
Equation: VO2 = Cardiac Output * The amount of O2 you use
63
How many L of O2 do we pump around when at rest?
5L
64
VO2 = SV * HR * "a-vo2 difference"
SV = how much you pump per beat
HR = how often your heart beats
A VO2 max = the difference between what went into the tissue and then what came out
65
Aerobic Power and Fitness depends on the ability to
- increase CO (SV and HR)
- carry arterial oxygen
- redistribute blood flow to active muscles
- extract oxygen from blood into those muscles
66
Review of the Heart and Cardiac Cycle: Anatomy and flow
left side of the heart is smaller as only has to pump blood through the pulmonary system, only to the lungs
the right side is bigger as it has to pump blood through the whole systemic system, the whole body
67
Review of the Heart and Cardiac Cycle: Electrical Properties
- Audtorhythmicity (SA node etc). these modify the rate at which the membrane reaches the threshold to pump the blood at its rate required
- seperate long AP contractions
- electrical conduction system
68
Review of the Heart and Cardiac Cycle: Myocardial Structure
- intercalated discs
- functional syncytium
- uniform fibre type
the heart all contracts as one unit, that has to beat for our whole life
69
Review of the Heart and Cardiac Cycle: Metabolic Profile
- their is a huge increase in mitochondria density as the heart is do so much work so often, so it needs to make so much ATP
- it is versatile in terms of what sources of energy.
at rest we mainly use fatty acids and at hard exercise we use lactate
70
Systole vs Diastole
contraction vs relaxing
we spend 2/3 of the time in diastole, which is the same in exercise by the process is faster so that we can pump our the more blood required
71
CO in fitness and genders
the fitter you are the more CO you have even though your heart doesn't need to pump any faster due a big SV
females is lower then men as they need to pump more blood due to having less O2 in their blood, so to get the same amount O2 they need more blood
72
Heart Pumping
fitter people are able to pump almost 2 times as much at rest
men can pump more blood due to having bigger heart muscle
73
Stroke Volume response to exercise with TIME
- has a rapid, large increase, then plateau. it will increase more for fit people
this increases venous return and SNS on ventricles. By increasing VR you can keep HR the same whilst increasing CO
will under heat stress and dehydration you venous return to the heart decreases as these decrease your SV
74
Using your arms during exercise impact
increases your BP. which makes it harder to pump blood out of the hard as less blood gets to the heart
75
Stroke Volume response to exercise with INTENSITY
athletes canhave a higher SV than unfit people have at rest, which allows them to have such a low HR, and can increase SV over a bigger range of intensities until 100% VO2 max
76
Several Factors Influencing SV
- ventricular contraction
- end-diastolic volume
- mean arterial pressure
- SNS is the base to all these things
77
HR response with exercise TIME
Rapid, large increase until plateau, with the interchanging PNS decrease and increase in SNS activity
- much less rise in athletes
- more rise in arm exercise
- increase with heat stress and dehydration
78
HR response with exercise INTENSITY
Rises linearly until VO2 max
- athletes have a lower at rest and less rise during exercise
79
Maximum HR with age
HR drops with age
HR = 220 - age
80
Implications of HR Responses
- it is important for response range, valuable indicator of health status
- slower rate in rise of HR is usually a good sign
81
4 ways to get more oxygen to active muscles during exercise
- local vessels dilate due to metabolises
- increase in CO
- blood flow distributed to active muscle
- increase oxygen extracted from each unit of the blood
82
Ohms Law
V = I * R
Pressure = Flow * Resistance
Flow = pressure *radius/ Length*viscosity
a small increase in radius's cause a large increase in flow
83
Blood supply at rest
is evenly spread between organs
84
Blood supply at rest
in exercise the same blood supply goes to the brain, and everything else takes a cut so that majority of the blood can go to the muscles, and a little to the skin if required, to match the tissues demands
85
How does the blood know to go the demanding tissues
myogenic = constrict against pressure
temperature = dilate with heats, constrict with cold
metabolic
Humoral
86
what is the definition of BP
the pressure exerted against the walls of blood vessels
87
why is BP so important
- deliver O2 and nutrients
- key determinant of myocardial works
- generate flow to support tissues
- managing the flow of blood
88
BP equation
BP = Q (flow) * total peripheral resistance
how much blood you can pump against a given resistance
pressure increases if you can pump more into the same space, BP decreases if resistance increase and flow doesn't
exercise impacts it hence why important
89
Systolic BP estimates
the highest BP you'll get in a beat
- the work of the heart
- strain against arteriole walls
- appropriate CVS function
90
Diastolic BP
minimum BP you'll get a beat
- peripheral resistance
91
Mean Arterial Pressure
the average BP each beat
not in the middle as we are in diastolic 2/3 of the time so closer to DBP
92
As you exercise for longer/increase intensity BP ....
increases, so does SBP, as so does the HR, due to the work of the heart and SV also increases, DBP decreases as you are using more muscles and this decreases the resistance
93
BP during resistance exercise
both S/DBP increases
due to ventricles pumping harder and the vessels in the active muscles being squashed
depends on -
- Valsalva Manouevre, which is a strain on your thoriac cavity that you use in upper body workouts, which spikes your blood pressure
- muscle mass contracted
- duration
- %MVC
94
Arm vs Leg exercise
BP and HR increase with arm ex
due to the heart now having to do more work, to increase more motor units as the arms are smaller and have less muscle so require more effort
95
Rate Pressure Product =
SBP * HR
96
Rate Pressure Product at rest and exercise
rest - 6000
ex - 40,000 (higher with upper body workout)
97
BP in recovery
usually decrease unless you have post exercise hypotension
98
why is PA so good for BP
because it counters the increase in BP how -
- if you regularly exercise then you resting BP will be lower
- if you do PA often each day you have a lower BP for hours each day after each session
99
Negative Feedback of BP at Rest
short term = arterial pressure
longer term = venous pressure
100
Negative Feedback of BP at Exercsie
1. central command controls early, HR jumps immediately
2. Ergoreceptors maintaing plateau
3. baroreceptors detect pressure via stretch
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