Exercise Screening and Assessment

Question 1

The level of risk associated with exercise is

Answer 1

low

Question 2

The riskiest park of exercise is when

Answer 2

someone is beginning/resuming exercise after a period of inactivity. especially when they go to straight into intense exercise

Question 3

what are 3 reasons why exercise might be dangerous for some

Answer 3

• arrhythmia’s
• acute exercise stress
• immediate post-exercise

these are all more likely to occur in the last 3 miles of a maraton

Question 4

Arrythmia’s

Answer 4

is an irregular heart beat

Question 5

Acute Exercise Stress

Answer 5

this can be a lot of things but some common are
- an increase in myocardial oxygen demand, which is imbalanced can lead to arrhythmia’s
- shortened diastole, filling stage
- electrolyte changes

Question 6

What can we do to reduce the risks of exercise

Answer 6

• do pre screening before participation, to see if anyone should visit a medical professional instead, to prevent the risks
• looking into ones medical history
• signs and symptoms

Question 7

Exercise Screening in athletes

Answer 7

athletes can be more prone to things such as
- cardiac, respiratory issue
- musculoskeletal and psychological issues

Question 8

Cardiac Screening can be

Answer 8

controversial, as is not 100% accurate, can cost athletes their potential career

Question 9

What are 3 reasons why we shouldn’t exercise

Answer 9

Acute Systemic Infection: this is is thing like a virus, that the body is fighting. when we add exercise to this our inflammatory system suppresses, which means we stop fighting it during exercise

• Servere Atrial Hypertension: this is when the BP is increased and exercise would cause it to increase even more
• Tachydysrythmia vs bradydysrthythmia - increased or decreased HR

Question 10

PAR-Q

Answer 10

is a screening tool questionnaire which help people decide if they should see a healthcare professional before starting an exercise programme.

Question 11

COVID-19 Return to Play

Answer 11

Mild/Assymptimaic = 10 days till return to play
Moderate - recommended to be cleared by a physician

Question 12

Exercise Screening Definition

Answer 12

aims to identify individuals who may be at risk for serious cute exercise related cardio events

Question 13

Exercise Testing requires

Answer 13

INFORMED consent

Question 14

why exercise test

Answer 14

different reasons for athletes and general population and physicians

Question 15

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Answer 15

is the ability of the circulatory and pulmonary system to supply oxygen during sustain PA

Direct Measure: VO2 max
Indirect: beep test

Question 16

Muscular Strength

Answer 16

the ability of muscle to exert force

Question 17

Muscle Endurance

Answer 17

the ability of muscle to continue to perform without fatigue

Question 18

Flexibility

Answer 18

the ROM available at a joint

Question 19

Agility

Answer 19

the ability to change the postition of the body in space with speed and accuracy

Question 20

Speed

Answer 20

the ability to perform a movement within a short period of time

Question 21

What are the 3 components in choosing an appropriate assessment

Answer 21

client
your expertise - without may not be enough
best external evidence - if not then it risks out of date practice

Question 22

What are the 5 things that need to be considered when selecting a test

Answer 22

• relevance
• internally valid
• reliable
• practical
• presentable

Question 23

Muscle Structure

Answer 23

Each muscle fascicle has muscle fibres in it which are made up of myofibrils and then sarcomeres, which consist of actin and myosin. These form cross bridges engagement, which the actin pull on the myosin, causing the muscle to contract

Question 24

Satellite Cells

Answer 24

are important to maintain and repair muscles

Question 25

Neuromuscular Junction

Answer 25

action potentials arrive at each nerve NMJ, at each muscle fibre. Here the AP goes through the NMJ then bind onto the muscle fibre receptor, for the muscle to then contract. It is important that this NMJ is kept at a good distance and size, to maintain it across our life spans

Question 26

Excitation Contraction Coupling

Answer 26

Once the AP/nerve impulse is in the muscle fibre, it travels along it and down into the T-Tubules, which cause the release of Ca into the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum. The Ca then binds to troponin which cause the position change in the tropomyosin, exposing active sites on the actin. This causes a stong binding state between the actin and myosin, and a contraction occurs. ATP binding to myosin head weakens its bind to actin

Question 27

If motor neuron stimulated, all the fibres in that motor unit contract ...

Answer 27

synchronously, all or none

Question 28

motor neurons are recruited progressively, by

Answer 28

axon size, small to large. as the force requirement goes up the big axons are recruited. The neurons oxidate the slow twitch fibres first as they are the smallest so used first

Question 29

What are the two main benefits of the neuron size principle

Answer 29

1. The slow twitch, fatigue resistant units are used for longer. 2. Finer regulation with low force

Question 30

Tetanus

Answer 30

To produce more force the AP get send down more frequently so that the current AP is still twitching, so that as they are all twitching at the same time this can cause a tetanus, max.

Question 31

Brain and Exercise

Answer 31

people believe that exercise begins and ends in the brain. The muscles are activated by the CNS, and then the muscles send feedback to the CNS.

Question 32

Fatigue is

Answer 32

a reduction in strength

Question 33

Brain and Fatigue

Answer 33

The CNS can limit the motor output to prevent the muscle being used to severely The CNS can also subconscious ensure that the athlete reaches the finish line still in homeostasis. You will fatigue with no or little ATP depletion, and still some glycogen in the muscles

Question 34

Peripheral Fatigue Mechanisms

Answer 34

1. Excitability: this is when the t-tubules activate the sarcomeres to release Ca, which can lead to impaired Ca release 2. Oxidative damage to the pumps, and actin and myosin 3. Sarcomere Damage 4. Hydrogen and phosphate build up, which can directly cause fatigue, as H can prevent Ca from being released, effect cross bridge binding

Question 35

Length - Tension Relationship

Answer 35

Active tension is a direct function of action and myosin overlapping filament . Optimal length is where the most overlap of actin and myosin is found, so active tension and the most force is produced

Question 36

Force - Velocity Relationship

Answer 36

Cross Bridges between actin and myosin attach/detach at certain rates. As velocity increases, the number of cross bridges decreases, and less force is generated

Question 37

Force is greatest during what movements

Answer 37

1. eccentric 2. isometric 3. concentric

Question 38

Force produced by muscle is measured as a

Answer 38

torque, as muscles act around joints

Question 39

At all velocities power athletes compared to endurance athletes

Answer 39

generate more torque, but the force drops at similar rates

Question 40

If velocity is high

Answer 40

force is low, regardless of length

Question 41

if velocity is low

Answer 41

length is important

Question 42

Optimal Power: Trade off between Force and Speed

Answer 42

having strong force and slow velocity, and having fast velocity and low force and both not as powerful as having moderate force and moderate velocity which will give you maximum power

Question 43

Muscle Fibre Type Classification

Answer 43

from muscle biopsy samples classified in 3 ways - anatomical - metabolic - Physiological depends on the athletes

Question 44

Muscle and Strength across a lifespan

Answer 44

Kids: same muscle quality as adults but have less of it so are much weaker Adults: most difference is between men and womens, mainly in upper body strength Elderly: decrease in strength, lose some type 2 fibres and in force regulation

Question 45

Why do you lose muscle and strength with aging

Answer 45

- loss of growth hormones - less protein - sarcopenia - fat accumulates in muscle

Question 46

What is Ergometry, Ergometer, and what its good at testing for

Answer 46

the measurement of mechanical energy production. The amount of force, work and power that has been exerted a device which work and power can be determined by research, sport, fitness, health and occupations

Question 47

Main issues with Ergometric

Answer 47

what are you trying to asses and are you doing it properly - valid = does it measure what you want it to measure, accurate, reliable

Question 48

Force

Answer 48

F = m x a Unit = N skeletal muscle can generate up to 30N per cm^2 of muscle

Question 49

The ability to produce force is

Answer 49

Strength

Question 50

Strength

Answer 50

is the maximum force that can be produced by a muscle group in a single movement this depends on - muscle size - fibre type, orientation, activation - muscle recruitment

Question 51

Energy = capacity to perform WORK

Answer 51

Work is the energy imparted into an object when it is moved to a position of higher energy potential W = F x m (J)

Question 52

Power

Answer 52

the rate of doing work power depends on the ability to supply energy fast, on strength, and on resistance not being too high highly trainable

Question 53

Endurance

Answer 53

is the ability to maintain a force or repeated contractions humans have a high endurance capacity

Question 54

Air-Braked Ergometers

Answer 54

their is resistance caused by the movement of air through the wind vanes, which cause a work rate to increase exponentially with cadence - cheap but hard to calibrate

Question 55

Friction Braked Ergometers

Answer 55

easy to use and cheap but low reliability

Question 56

Electromagnetically Braked Ergometers

Answer 56

best way but expensive

Question 57

Treadmill Ergometry

Answer 57

usually motorised, resistance is against gravity - highly specific, but cost and size are cons