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ACVN - MEDICAL NURSING > Cardiorespiratory and Critical Care - Cardiac Emergencies > Flashcards

Cardiorespiratory and Critical Care - Cardiac Emergencies Flashcards

1
Q

What side of the heart does myxomatous mitral valve disease originate from?

A

left side

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2
Q

What breeds are affected by myxomatous mitral valve disease?

A

small breeds

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3
Q

What sided heart failure is dilated cardiomyopathy from?

A

left side

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4
Q

What size breeds are affected by dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

large breeds

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5
Q

What side of the heart is pericardial effusion affected?

A

Right side

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6
Q

What type of heart failure can young dogs get?

A

congenital heart disease

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7
Q

What type of congestive heart failure can cats get?

A

biventricular failure

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8
Q

What type of biventricular heart failure do cats get?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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9
Q

What veins are affected by right sided congestive heart failure?

A

systemic veins

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10
Q

What direction does ressure go in from the cranial and caudal vena cava?

A

upwards

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11
Q

What can pericardial effusion be secondary to?

A

a tumour

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12
Q

What type of failure is left and right sided?

A

backward

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13
Q

What is forward failure?

A

reduced cardiac output

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14
Q

What will you see with right or left sided forward failure?

A
  • weak peripheral pulses and tachycardia
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15
Q

What conditions can be caused by left sided heart failure to the lungs?

A
  • pulmonary oedeam
  • tachypnoea/dyspnoea
  • coughing
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16
Q

Is a cough caused by heart failure of heart disease?

A

heart disease

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17
Q

How can the body be affected by right sided heart failure?

A
  • distended peripheral veins
  • ascites, pleural effusion
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18
Q

What causes weak peripheral pulses?

A

decreased stroke volume

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19
Q

How is left sided heart failure presented?

A
  • heart murmur
  • tachypnoea/dyspnoea
  • tachycardia
  • pale, prolonged capillary refill time
  • arrhythmias?
  • weak peripheral pulses, pulse deficits
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20
Q

What common symptom is seen in forward heart failure?

A

pale mucous membranes

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21
Q

What can be seen with systolic dysfunction?

A

weak peripheral pulses

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22
Q

What clinical approach can be used with left sided congestive heart failure?

A
  • taking history
  • physical exam
  • stabilisation before diagnostic testing
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23
Q

Stabilising left sided congestive heart failure?

A
  • minimise stress
  • sedation?
  • oxygen supplementation
  • furosemide IV
  • pimobedan PO/IV
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24
Q

What sided heart failure can you give furosemide to?

A

left and right

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25
Q

What does furosemide do for heart failure?

A

reduces pressure in the heart and the drive to push fluid out of circulation and into body cavitites

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26
Q

What does pimodendan do?

A

reduces stroke volume

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27
Q

What would you do an echocardiography for? left sided heart failure

A

diagnosis and severity

28
Q

What would you do a thoracic radiograph for? left sided heart failure

A

diagnose pulmoary oedema

29
Q

What would you do an electrocardiography (ECG) for? left sided heart failure

A

check for arrhythmias

30
Q

What are you doing a blood pressure test for? left sided heart failure

A

checking for hypotension

31
Q

What would a blood test check for? left sided heart failure

A

electrolytes, renal parameters

32
Q

Why might you do an ECG? left sided heart failure

A

If you have discovered pulse deficits

33
Q

How can you monitor a patient with left sided heart failure?

A
  • respiratory rate and effort
  • blood pressure
  • heart rate and pulse quality
  • ECG if arrhythmias are detected
  • thoracic radiographs
34
Q

What respiratory rate are we aiming for?

A

less than 40 breaths per minute

35
Q

Why might you perform thoracic radiographs? left sided heart failure

A

if the patient isn’t improving and to check for pulmonary oedema

36
Q

What should you do once the patient has stabilised?

A
  • optimise therapy
  • start feeding as soon as possible
    revisit blood tests
37
Q

What happens if a patient has cardiac cachexia?

A

lose body weight and muscle condition

38
Q

What causes right sided congestive heart failure?

A
  • pulmonic stenosis
  • tricuspid dysplasia
  • pericardia effusion
39
Q

How would you diagnose right sided heart failure?

A
  • history and physical exam
  • echocardiography
  • thoracic radiograph
  • electrocardiology
  • CT
40
Q

What would you do an echocradiograph for? right sided heart failure

A

diagnosis and neoplasia

41
Q

Why would you do a thoracic radiograph for right sided heart failure?

A

check heart size

42
Q

What would you do an electrocardiograpm for? right sided heart failure

A

check for arrhythmias

43
Q

Why would you do a CT? right sided heart failure

A

check for neoplasia

44
Q

What is a pleural effusion?

A

increased fluid in the pericardium

45
Q

What is a tamponade?

A

when the right atrium collapses due to increased external pressure

46
Q

What happens when cardiac output is decreased?

A

filling of the right side of the heart is impaired

47
Q

What causes decreased cardiac output?

A

idiopathics and neoplastics

48
Q

How would you treat a pericardial effusion?

A

pericardiaocentesis and intravenous fluid administration

49
Q

How would you prepare for a pericardiocentesis?

A
  • clip and prep the area
  • large catheter or chest drain
  • measure the volume that is removed
  • send sample for cytology
50
Q

Does pericardial effusion clot?

A

no, if it clots it is likely from the heart

51
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

decrease venous return

52
Q

What treatment would you do post-pericardiocentesis?

A
  • improve cardiovascular parameters - (heart rate, pulse strength, demenour)
  • hospitalise 12-24 hours
  • pericardial effusion can reoccur - monitor
53
Q

What is the msot common cause of feline cardiac emergencies?

A

hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

54
Q

How can heart failure be precipitated in felines?

A

stress or anaesthesia

55
Q

How would a cat in cardiac emergency present?

A
  • murmur, gallop sounds
  • tachypnoea, dyspnoea, open-mouth breathing
  • tachy or bradycardia
  • weak peripheral pulses
  • hypothermia
56
Q

When might bradycardia be more severe in cats?

A

in heart failure

57
Q

What might occur if there is sudden onset hindlimb paresis/paralysis in cats?

A

arterial thromboembolism

58
Q

What are the five P’s? (cat)

A
  • pallor/cyanosis of pads and nail beds
  • pain
  • paresis/paralysis
  • pulselessness
  • poikilothermy
59
Q

What is poikilothermy?

A

cold leg

60
Q

What is arterial thromboembolism?

A

clots in the left atrium

61
Q

How would you stabilise a cat during a cardiac emergency?

A
  • avoid stress
  • oxygen supplementation
  • furosemide IV/IM
  • drain pleural effusion
  • gentle warming
  • analgesia
62
Q

What is the diagnostic approach for feline cardiac emergencies?

A
  • history and physical exam
  • stabilisation
  • echocardiogram
  • thoracic radiographs
  • electrcocradiogram
  • blood pressure measurement
  • blood test
63
Q

What nursing care would you provide to a feline with a thromboembolism

A
  • warm soft bedding
  • physiotherapy
64
Q

What kind of arrhthmias are there? 2

A

bradyarrhythmias and tachyarrhythmias

65
Q

How would a patient with an arrhythmia present?

A
  • syncope/collapse
  • weakness/exercise intolerance
  • signs of congestive heart failure
  • abnormal slow rhythm
  • weak peripheral pulses
  • heart rate too fast, too slow, or irregular

ACVN - MEDICAL NURSING (22 decks)

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