Cardiorespiratory Physiology Flashcards
Exam 3 (163 cards)
1
Q
What is the primary function of Respiratory
A
bring in oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
2
Q
what are the 4 respiratory processes
A
pulmonary ventilation (external respiration)
pulmonary diffusion (external respiration)
transport of gases via blood
capillary diffusion (internal respiration)
3
Q
what are the 6 functions of cardiovascular
A
delivers oxygen and nutrients
removes co2 and other waste (H)
transport hormones and other molecules
temp balance and fluid regulation
acid base balance
immune function
4
Q
3 major elements of CV system
A
a pump
channels or tubes
a fluid medium
5
Q
what generates pressure to drive blood through what
A
heart to drive through vessels
6
Q
what demands must blood flow meet
A
metabolic demands
7
Q
LV pumps to ….
RV pumps to….
A
whole body
lungs
8
Q
which part of the heart has the most myocardium
A
the Left ventricle
9
Q
What is the fiber type of myocardium
A
its one fiber type similar to type 1 that has oxidative capabilities
10
Q
what are cardiac muscle fibers connected by
A
intercalculated discs
11
Q
desosomes do what
A
hold cells together
12
Q
gap junctions do what
A
rapidly conduct action potentials
13
Q
skeletal muscle cells size and nucleus infor
A
long, large, unbranched
multinucleated
14
Q
myocardial cells size and nucleus info
A
small, short, branched
one nucleus
15
Q
contractions in skeletal muscle cells vs myocardial cels
A
skeltal m. is intermittent, voluntary contractions
myocardial is continuous, involuntary rhythmic contractions
16
Q
calcium info in skeletal m. and myocardial cells
A
calcium is released from SR in skeletal m.
Ca induced calcium release in Myocardial
17
Q
5 steps of CAlcium induced CA 2+ release (CICR) in cardiomyocytes
A
depolarization
initial ca 2+ influx
SR Ca 2+ release
myofibril contraction
Ca 2+ return to SR
18
Q
4 chambers of heart
A
right and left atrium and ventricle
19
Q
what do the atria do
A
recieving chambers on the top
20
Q
what do the ventricles do
A
pumping chambers on the bottom
21
Q
where is the pericardium
A
around the heart
22
Q
what is between the heart and periardium and what does it do
A
pericardial fluid to decrease friction
23
Q
what are the 2 myocardial blood supplys
A
right coronary artery to right
left (main) coronary arter to left side
24
Q
what is atherosclerosis and what can it lead to
A
plaque build up, can lead to coronary artery disease (heart attack)
25
what are the 4 ways to measure cardiac function
cardiac cycle
stroke volume
ejection fraction
cardiac output (Q)
26
cardiac cycle def
all mechanical and electrical events that ocur during one heartbeat
27
what is diastole
relaxtion phase when chambers fill with blood
28
what is longer, diastole of systole
diastole is twice as long as systole
29
what is systole
contraction phase
30
what is stroke volume def
the volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat
31
during systole, is al blood ejected?
no, not all . but most of it
32
EDV- ESV is what
Stroke volume
33
EDV is what
amount of blood in ventricles after diastole
34
ESV is what
amount of blood in ventricles after systole
35
below ___ % could begin to be problematic for SV
40
36
Ejection Fraction def
% of EDV pumped
a clinical index of heart contractile function
37
SV/EDV = what
Ejection Fraction
38
Cardiac Output def and equation
Total volume of blood pumped per minute
Q= HR * SV
39
What is the resting cartiac output range
4.2 to 5.6 L/min
40
average blood volume is around what
5 L/min
41
Total blood volume circulates how quick
once every minute
42
what impacts heart rate
nerves and hormones
43
what leads to higher contraction
more blood comin in and stretching out the heart wall
44
what impacts stroke volume
contractily, preload, afterload
45
what is pulmonary ventilation
process of moving air into and out of the lungs
46
what is the transport zone
nose to trachea
47
what is the excange zone
bronchi to alveoli
48
at rest, what breathing can we do
nose breaathing
49
where does all gas exchange occur
in the alveoli
50
how does air transport
nose or mouth to nasal conchae to pharynx to larynx to trachea to bronchi to bronchioles to alveoli
51
is inspiration or expiration active
inspiration
52
what muslces are used in inspiration
diaphragm and external intercostals
53
what happends to the thoracic cavity during inspiration
it expands volume, and lungs expand
54
boyles law says what
as lung volume increases, intrapulmonary pressure decreases
55
what muscles are used in forced breathing- inspiration
scalenes and sternocleidomastoid
56
in expiration, vol and pressure info
lung volume decreases and intrapulmonary pressure increases
57
what muslces are used during forced breathing- expiration
internal intercostals and abdominal muscles
58
blood flow through the right side of the heart does what type of circulation
pulmonary circulation. pumps deoxygenated blood from the body to the lungs
59
pathway of bllood flow starting in vena cava
superior/inferior vena cava to RA to tricuspid valve to RV to pumonary valve to pulmonary arteries to lungs to pulmonary veins to LA to mitral valve to LV to aortic valve to aorta to body and back to vena cava
60
what is systemic circulation
pummps oxygenated blood from lungs to body
61
2 heart valves names
left side is mitral valve
right side is tricuspid valve
62
pulmonary vein vs artery
artery away from heart but is deoxygenated blood.
vein to blood, but is oxygenated
63
what is pulmonary diffusion
gas exchange between alveoli and capillaries
64
what is the inspired air path in pulmonary diffusion
bronchial tree to alveoli
65
what is the blood path in pulmonary diffusion
RV to pulmonary trunk to pulmonary arteries to pulmonary capillaries .
66
what surrounds alveoli
capillaries
67
2 major fxns of pulmonary diffusion
replenishes blood oxygen supply and removes carbon dioxide from the blood.
68
Info on the surface area from whcih gases are exchanged
large surface aea, and is very thin to maximize the possible gas exchange
69
what is standard atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg
70
71
what is Waltons law
that P= PN2 + PO2 + PCO2
72
Individual P is what
Partial Pressures
73
what happens during gas exchange in the alveoli
oxygen exchange
74
What is Ficks Law
the rstr of diffusion is proportional to SA and partial pressure gas hradient
75
what does diffusion constant influence
diffusion rate
76
ehixh has a higher diffusion constant, oxygen or co2
oxygen is higher
77
how does resting o2 diffusion capacity differ from max exercise
resting Is bottom third of lungs, but max is all 6h4 lungs
78
what is the carrying capacity if oxygen in the vlood
20 ml o2 / 100 ml blood
79
where does o2 go in blood
98 percent bound to hemoglobin and less than 2 percent dissolved in plasma
80
3 major fxns of blood
transportation of nutrients
temp regukation
acid base balance
81
average blood volume
5 L
82
what makes up whole blood
plasma and formed elements
83
84
percent of plasma in blood . also what is in plasma
55 to 60. it's made of water proteins, and other nutrients
85
percent of formed elements in blood and what does it include
40 to 45 percent
RBC, WBC, Platelets
86
what is hematocrit
total % of volume composed of formed elements
87
info on RBC
no nucleus, can't reproduce, replaced via hematopoiesis, live 4 months
88
what is hemoglobin
an oxygen transport protein. has heme (pigment iron) and globin(protein)
89
what is hemoglobin saturation is dependent on
PO2
90
O2 saturation vs po2 graph
draw. look it up
91
what happens in the loading portion
saturation stays high even with large changes in PO2
92
what happens in the unloading portion
saturation changes quickly even with small changed in po2, allowing oxygen to unload to tissues.
93
factors that affect hemoglobin saturation
ph and temp
94
BOHR is what shift
right ward shift in th4 curve. is increased body temp or a decrease in pH
95
what is blood o2 carrying capacity
th3 max a ount of oxygen that blood csn carry. based om Hb content
96
whatvis blood viscosity
thickness sin blood due to rbc
97
resistance equation
length x viscosity/ r ^4
98
what provides the resistance
physical properties of vessels. radius of them
99
what is pressure
force that drives flow
100
what is systolic and diastolic
highest and lowest pressure in artery. average is 120 over 80
101
mean arterial pressure
average pressure over entire cardiac cycle.
2/3 DBP + 1/3 SBP
102
where does blood flow usually go
usually regions of high metabolism
103
at rest , how much blood is in veins
2/3 blood volume
104
what stimulates veins
sympathetic ns
105
what are the 3 ways Co2 is carried in blood
as bicarbonate ions
dissolved in plasma.
bound to Hb
106
bicarbonate ion does what
transports 60 to 70 percent if co2 in blood to the lungs
107
what does H bind to to trigger the Bohr effect
Hb
108
bicarbonate diffuser from rbc to ehat
plasma
109
when pco2 is low in lungs, what happens
co2 comes out of solution and diffuser into alveoli
110
what transports 20 to 30 percent of co2
hemoglobin
111
o2 and co2 binding hb
o2 binds the heme portion and co2 binds the protein portion
112
what is aterial - venors oxygen difference
difference btwn arterial and venous oxygen.
113
what transports oxygen in muscles
myoglobin
114
what has a higher affinity for oxygen, hemoglobin or myoglobin
myoblobin
115
overlap of myoglobin nand hemoglobin loading/unloading is for what
to allow us to load myo as hemo is unloading `
116
what is the oxygen cascade
the dropping of partial pressures of oxygen at sea level from dry ambient air to tissues to venous circulation draingin those tissues
117
what are the factors that influence oxygen delivery and uptake
o2 content ofblood
blood flow
local conditions (pH and body temp)
118
how does co2 get removed at muslces
simple fdiffusion . exit is driven by PCO2 gradient because its high in muscle and low in blood
119
3 mechanisms that make the reutrn of blood to the heart easier
one way venous valves
muscle pump
respiratory pump
120
central mechanisms of espiratory centers are where and what do they do
in brain stem, the medulla oblongatta and pos. sensing chemoreceptors to then regulate rate and depth of breathing
121
what can ovveride signals if necessary for regulation centrally
cortex
122
what are central chemoreceptors stimulated by
increased co2 in cerebrospinal fluid
123
what are the 2 types of peripheran mechanisms of regulation
peripheral chemoeceptors and mechnanoreceptors
124
where are peripheral chemoreceptors
in aortic bodies and carotid bodies
125
which regulation senses more to o2 and which is more co2
central is co2
peripheral is o2
126
what do mechanoreceptors sense
stretch. excessive strech leads to reduced depth of breathing and increased frequency
127
where are the mechanoreceptors
in pleurae, bronchiolies, and alveoli
128
what are the 4 parts of the hearts intrinsic control
sinoatrial node SA
atrioventricular node AV
AV bundle (bundle of HIS)
Purkinje fibers
129
how does elctrical signal spread
via gap junctions
130
what is radial HR due to
the SA node
131
how is the electircal signal organized broadly. like top to bottom or bottom to top
upper right to lower left
132
wHAT does the SA node do
initiates contraction signal.
it spreads to the RA and LA to stimulate contraction then to the AV node
133
what does the AV node do
delays and relays signal to ventriles. . this allows the RA and LA to contract before the RV and LV so they can fill up .
134
where is the AV
in the RA wall near the center of the heart
135
what is the AV Bundle and what does it do
relays the singal to RV and LV.
its along the interventricular septum and then divides into right and left buncle branches
136
purkinje fibers do what
send signal to RV and LV and stimulates their contraction. this spreads throughout the entire ventricle wall
137
what is the extrinsic heart activity controlled by
nervous system . psns and sns
138
parasymphatheic control of heat acivity
via the vagus nerve. it carries impluses to the SA and AV nodes. to decrease HR and contraction force SLOW DOWN. hyperpolarizes cells
139
sympathetic control of heart activity
depolarization. increases HR. increases force of contraction
140
what are the endocrine, hormones that can bind to heart receptors
epinephrine and norepinephrine
141
how can you measure heart acivity
electrocardiograde
142
how does and eCG work
10 electrodes
12 leads
diagnositc tool for coronary artery disease
143
3 phases of ECG
p wave
QRS complx
T wave
144
p wave is
atrial depolaization
145
qrs complex is
ventricular depolarizzation
146
t wave is
ventricular repolaization
147
3 types of intricis control of bloood flow
metabolic
endothelial
mmyogenic
148
what muscle or structure can expand or constric the blood vessels
smooth muslce
149
metabloic mehanisms do what to blood flow
cause vasodilation do to the buildup of local metabolic byproducts
150
endothelium mechanimss
cause mainly vasodilation . things like Nitric oxide, prostaglandins
151
myogenic mechanimss
vasodilation and contriction, changes do to local pressure clanges. high pressure is contricuton. low is dilation.
152
what is the extrinsic control of blood flow
symphatiethic NS that innervates smooth m. in arteris and arterioles. increased activity leads to increases constriction
153
what does load control of muscle blood flow mean
blood flow goes to exercising muslce tmore to math its metabolic demand .
154
what is functional sympatholysis
inhibition of sympatheic vasoconstriction by reducing vascular responsiveness to alpha adenergic receptor activation
155
integrative control of blood pressure
baroreceptofs and
chemo and mechano in muscle
156
how is b p mainted
by autonomic reflexes
157
what do baroreceptors do
they are sensitive to changes in arterial pressure
afferent signals to brain . efferent from brain to heart
158
factors that ffect vo2 max
mode of exercise
genetics
training
gender
body size and comp
age
159
absolute vo2 units
L/min
160
relative vo2 units
mL/kg/min
161
wha does aging impact in respiatory fxn
impaired ecruitement and distension of pulmonary cappillaries during exercise
162
what can benefit asthma and pneumonica
haabitual aerobic exercise
163
