Cardiovascular

Question 1

Cardiac action potential

Answer 1

-rapid change in membrane potential, or voltage, across the cardiac cell membrane
-triggers cardiac muscle contraction

Question 2

Resting membrane potential

Answer 2

-when cardiac call of the ventricle is not electrically excited
-phase 4 (-90mV)

Question 3

Main ion found outside the cell at rest

Answer 3

Sodium and Chloride

Question 4

Main ion found inside the cell at rest

Answer 4

Potassium

Question 5

Threshold potential

Answer 5

The critical level a membrane potential must reach to initiate an action potential

Question 6

Depolarization

Answer 6

-phase 0
-voltage becomes more positive
-sodium influx
-potassium eflux
-rapid inactivation of sodium channels cause membrane potential to return to a negative state

Question 7

Repolarization

Answer 7

-phase 1

Question 8

Define preload

Answer 8

Volume present in the ventricle prior to systole (volume filling the heart)

Question 9

Define afterload

Answer 9

Load (pressure) that the heart must pump against in order to eject blood

Question 10

Define contractility

Answer 10

Intrinsic force of the heart - degree of which the sarcomeres can shorten

Question 11

What are sympathetic nervous system effects on the heart

Answer 11

Increased contractility, increased HR

Question 12

What are parasympathetic nervous system effects on the heart

Answer 12

Decreased chronotropy (HR) and contractility

Question 13

Draw a ventricular action potential

Answer 13

Question 14

Describe the flow of blood through the heart

Answer 14

cranial/caudal vena cava > right atrium > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonic valve > pulmonary artery > pulmonary vein > left atrium > mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic valve > aorta

Question 15

Where can arterial catheters be placed

Answer 15

Dorsal pedal
Femoral
Auricular
Coccygeal
Lingual

Question 16

What are the components of an arterial wave form

Answer 16

Question 17

What are possible pulse abnormalities

Answer 17

Hypodynamic (decreased pulse pressure)
Hyperdynamic (increased pulse pressure due to decreased diastolic pressure)
Bounding (increased pulse pressure due to increased systolic pressure)
Pulses paradoxus - decrease in BP > 10 mmHg during inspiration

Question 18

What are the types of cardiac hypertrophy?

Answer 18

Concentric - increased pressure overload (HCM)
Eccentric - increased volume overload (DCM)

Question 19

What are the types of feline cardiomyopathy?

Answer 19

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

Question 20

What breeds are associated with familial HCM

Answer 20

Maine Coon, Ragdoll

Question 21

What are prognostic factors associated with feline ATE

Answer 21

Number of limbs affecetd
Temperature < 98.8

Question 22

What is treatment for CHF in cats

Answer 22

Diuretic
ACE inhibitor
Antithrombotic
+/- Beta blocker

Question 23

What is the most common site of clot FORMATION in cats with heart disease

Answer 23

Left auricle

Question 24

What are secondary causes of DCM in dogs

Answer 24

Doxorubricin
Nutritional (taurine, carnitine)
Myocarditis
Grain free diet
Neoplastic

Question 25

What is the MOST common canine heart disease

Answer 25

Mitral valve disease

Question 26

What are the stages of mitral valve disease

Answer 26

A - at risk breeds B1 - murmur with no cardiac changes B2 - Murmur with left atrial enlargement C - historic or current heart failure D - refractory heart failure

Question 27

What test can we run to evaluate myocardial contusions/myocarditis

Answer 27

Troponin

Question 28

What are indications for a pacemaker?

Answer 28

High degree AV block Sick sinus syndrome Severe drug toxicity

Question 29

What toxicities may result in requiring a pacemaker

Answer 29

Beta blocker Calcium channel blocker Digoxin

Question 30

What is the role of POCUS

Answer 30

Thoracic, abdominal effusion

Question 31

What are differentials for bradycardia?

Answer 31

Increased vagal tone Electrolyte abnormalities Drugs Trauma Infection

Question 32

What does vtach look like?

Answer 32

Wide and bizarre QRS No P waves

Question 33

What are criteria to treat vtach

Answer 33

Hemodynamic instability R on T Multiform Rate >180

Question 34

What drug should be used to treat vtach

Answer 34

Lidocaine

Question 35

What rhythms are defibrillation used for

Answer 35

Pulseless vtach Vfib

Question 36

Define defibrillation

Answer 36

Shock delivered to a critical mass of the myocardium resulting in depolarization and refractory period

Question 37

What is the difference between monophasic and biphasic

Answer 37

Mono - undirectional flow Biphasic - current moves in both directions

Question 38

What are complications of pericardiocentesis

Answer 38

Arrhythmia, hemorrhage, myocardial puncture

Question 39

What are physical exam findings consistent with pericardial effusion

Answer 39

Right sided CHF (ascites) Jugular pulse Muffled heart sound Pulses paradoxus Low cardiac output

Question 40

What is pulses paradoxus

Answer 40

Great than 10 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration

Question 41

What are the common causes of pericardial effusion

Answer 41

Neoplasia Idiopathic Infectious

Question 42

What is cardiac tamponade

Answer 42

Collapse of the right atrium during systole

Question 43

What viral disease can cause myocarditis

Answer 43

Parvo

Question 44

Define systole

Answer 44

Heart muscle contraction, pumps blood into arteries

Question 45

Define diastole

Answer 45

Heart muscle relaxation, chambers refill with blood