Pharmacology

Question 1

What is the mechanism of action of furosemide

Answer 1

Loop diuretic; blocks Na, K, 2 Cl cotransporter

Question 2

What is the MOA of thiazide diuretics

Answer 2

Example - acetozolamide
Inhibit NaCl cotransporter in distal tubule

Question 3

What is the MOA of aldosterone antagonists/drug example

Answer 3

Spironolactone
Antagonist aldosterone on the late distal tubule

Question 4

What is the MOA of Class I antiarrhythmics and an example

Answer 4

Lidocaine
Na channel blocker

Question 5

What is the MOA of Class II antiarrhythmics and an example

Answer 5

Propanolol/esmolol
Beta blocker

Question 6

What is the MOA of Class III antiarrhythmics and an example

Answer 6

Sotalol/amiodarone
K channel blocker

Question 7

What is the MOA of Class IV antiarrhythmics and an example

Answer 7

Diltazem
Ca channel blocker

Question 8

What is the MOA of digoxin

Answer 8

Na/K ATPase inhibitor - accumulation of intracellular calcium

Question 9

What is the MOA of pimobendan

Answer 9

Inodilator - calcium sensitization and phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor

Question 10

What drugs are h2 blockers

Answer 10

Famotidine, ranitidine, cimetidine, nizatidine

Question 11

What is the MOA of h2 blockers

Answer 11

Competitive inhibition of H2 receptors on the parietal cell - decrease HCl production

Question 12

What H2 blocker is most potent

Answer 12

Famotidine

Question 13

What is the MOA of PPI

Answer 13

Proton pump inhibitor; block HCl production

Question 14

What is the MOA of sucralfate

Answer 14

Bind and protect epithelial disruption and ulceration

Question 15

What is the MOA of ondansetron

Answer 15

5HT3 antagonist

Question 16

What is the MOA of maropitant

Answer 16

NK1 inhibitor - block substance P

Question 17

What is the MOA of metoclopramide

Answer 17

D2 (dopaminergic) antagonist

Question 18

What is the MOA of cisapride

Answer 18

5HT4 AGONIST

Question 19

What is the MOA of erythromycin

Answer 19

Bind and stimulate motilin

Question 20

What is the MOA of apomorphine

Answer 20

dopamine agonist

Question 21

What drugs can be used to induce emesis in cats

Answer 21

Xylazine, dexmed, hydromorphone

Question 22

What is the MOA of NSAIDs

Answer 22

Cox block

Question 23

What is the MOA of corticosteroids

Answer 23

Alterations in gene transcription; block AA pathway (decrease inflammation),

Question 24

What medications should be avoided during a dystocia

Answer 24

Alpha 2 agonists, ketamine, barbiturates, methoxyflurane

Question 25

What antibiotics are safest for the neonate

Answer 25

beta lactams

Question 26

What drugs decrease ICP

Answer 26

Propofol, barbituates

Question 27

What are 4 classes of opioids

Answer 27

agonists, partial agonists, agonist-antagonist, antagonist

Question 28

What are the 3 types of opioid receptors

Answer 28

Mu, kappa, delta

Question 29

What is the MOA of opioids

Answer 29

Bind opioid receptors in the CNS

Question 30

What opioids can cause histamine release

Answer 30

Morphine, meperidine

Question 31

What are the actions of anticholinergics

Answer 31

Decreased parasympathetic effects, heart (increased HR), airways (bronchdilation and decreased secretion)

Question 32

What is the difference in atropine/glyco

Answer 32

Glyco is 4x stronger, longer duration, doesn't cross BBB/placenta

Question 33

What is the MOA of benzodiazepines

Answer 33

Bind and potentiate GABA

Question 34

What is the MOA of NSAIDs

Answer 34

Block COX

Question 35

What is the MOA of tramadol

Answer 35

atypical opioid, also serotonin effects

Question 36

What is the MOA of propofol

Answer 36

GABA agonist, NMDA modulation

Question 38

What is the MOA of ketamine

Answer 38

NMDA antagonist

Question 39

What is the MOA of etomidate

Answer 39

GABA agonist

Question 40

What are consequences if etomidate is used alone

Answer 40

Myoclonus

Question 41

What is the MOA of alfaxolone

Answer 41

GABA agonist

Question 42

What is MAC

Answer 42

Minimum alveolar concentration - inversely related to potency

Question 43

What is the MOA of inhalant anesthetics

Answer 43

Alteration in lipid membrane; attenuate excitatory channels

Question 44

What is the MOA of local anesthetics

Answer 44

Block and prevent Na conduction - decreased transduction

Question 45

What are locations of locoregional anesthesia

Answer 45

Epidural, intrathoraic, intraperitoneal, intrapleural, brachial plexus

Question 46

What is the MOA of beta lactams

Answer 46

Inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis

Question 47

What is the MOA of macrolides and an examples

Answer 47

Inhibit protein synthesis via binding 50s ribosome subunit; erythromycin, azithromycin

Question 48

What is the MOA and example of a glycopeptide

Answer 48

Inhibit cell wall synthesis; vancomycin

Question 49

What is the MOA and example of aminoglycosides

Answer 49

inhibit protein synthesis @ the level of 30s ribosome; amikacin

Question 50

What are side effects of aminoglycosides

Answer 50

Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockage

Question 51

What is the MOA and example of fluorquinolone

Answer 51

Inhibit DNA gyrase; enrofloxacin

Question 52

What is the MOA and example of tetracycline

Answer 52

Inhibit 30s ribosome; doxycycline

Question 53

What is the MOA of TMS

Answer 53

Inhibit enzymes in folic acid synthesis

Question 54

What are side effects of TMS

Answer 54

KCS, hepatitis, hemolytic anemia, bone marrow suppression

Question 55

What is the MOA of chloramphenicol

Answer 55

Inhibit 50s ribosome

Question 56

What is the MOA of metronidazole

Answer 56

Nitroimidazole - disrupt bacterial DNA synthesis