Endocrine

Question 1

What are functions of the endocrine system

Answer 1

Regulation of Na and water
Regulate Ca/P
Regulate energy balance
Hemodynamic response to stress
Reproduction/growth

Question 2

What is a hormone

Answer 2

Chemical messenger secreted into circulation that acts on a distant site

Question 3

The hypothalamus is essential in maintaining

Answer 3

Homeostasis

Question 4

How does the hypothalamus control the pituitary

Answer 4

Posterior - neuropeptides
Anterior - neuroendocrine control

Question 5

What hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary

Answer 5

ADH, oxytocin

Question 6

What are the functions of oxytocin

Answer 6

Myometrial contraction
Milk let down

Question 7

What are the effects of ADH

Answer 7

Increased water absorption; vasoconstriction

Question 8

What is the stimulus for ADH release

Answer 8

Increased osmolality
Decreased circulating volume

Question 9

What hormones are produced from the anterior pituitary

Answer 9

FSH, LH (repro)
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone)
ACTH
Growth hormone
Prolactin

Question 10

What controls PTH release

Answer 10

Calcium
Phos
Mag
Vitamin D

Question 11

What are the effects of PTH

Answer 11

Ca reabsorption
Phos excretion

Question 12

What are the forms of Ca in the body

Answer 12

Ionized
Bone
Protein bound

Question 13

What are the effects of vitamin D

Answer 13

Calcium and phosphorus reabsorption

Question 14

What is released from the adrenal cortex

Answer 14

Aldosterone, glucocorticoids, sex hormones

Question 15

What is released from the adrenal medulla

Answer 15

Catecholamines

Question 16

Describe the production of catecholamines

Answer 16

Tyrosine > dopa > dopamine > norepi > epi

Question 17

List alpha effects

Answer 17

Vasoconstriction
Iris dilation
Intestinal relaxation
Bronchoconstriction
Bladder spinchter contraction
Decreased insulin

Question 18

List beta effects

Answer 18

Vasodilation
Increased inotropy
Bladder relaxation
Bronchodilation

Question 19

What are the pancreatic hormones

Answer 19

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Pancreatic polypeptide

Question 20

Decreased insulin release

Answer 20

Beta cells respond to changes in glucose
Glucose enters the cell
results in insulin release

Question 21

What is the principle stimulus for insulin release

Answer 21

Glucose

Question 22

What other factors increase insulin release

Answer 22

Amino acids
Hormones
Neurotransmitters

Question 23

What is the role of glucagon and where is it released from

Answer 23

From alpha cells
Increased glucose
Increased gluconeogenesis
Increased glycogenolysis

Question 24

What is DKA

Answer 24

Diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 25

Where are ketones synthesized from

Answer 25

Fat

Question 26

Describe pathophysiology of DKA

Answer 26

Absolute insulin deficiency Inadequate cellular glucose Mobilization of fat Fatty acids are metabolized to ketones via beta oxidation

Question 27

What are the 3 ketone bodies

Answer 27

Acetoacetate Beta hydroxybutyrate Acetone

Question 28

What concurrent diseases are common with DKA

Answer 28

UTI Pancreatitis Cushing's Hepatic lipidosis Neoplasia

Question 29

What are signs of DKA

Answer 29

PU/PD Weight loss Vomiting

Question 30

What electrolytes are of concerns with DKA

Answer 30

Potassium, Phos, Na

Question 31

How do we treat DKA

Answer 31

Fluids Electrolytes insulin

Question 32

Define HHS

Answer 32

Glucose > 600 Absent ketones osmolality > 350 Neurologic signs

Question 33

What are the counterregulatory hormones to insulin

Answer 33

Glucagon Catecholamines Cortisol Growth hormone

Question 34

What does this severe degree of hyperglycemia occur

Answer 34

Decreased GFR

Question 35

At that rate can Na be changed

Answer 35

< 0.5 meq/hr

Question 36

What are causes of hypoglycemia

Answer 36

Excess insulin Insulinoma Excess glucose use (sepsis) Decreased production (liver disease)

Question 37

There are 4 cell types in the endocrine pancreas which regulate ______ production and utilization

Answer 37

Glucose

Question 38

The 4 cell types of the endocrine pancreas include :

Answer 38

Alpha cells Beta cells Delta cells F cells

Question 39

Alpha cells secrete

Answer 39

Glucagon

Question 40

Beta cells secrete

Answer 40

Insulin

Question 41

Delta cells secrete

Answer 41

Somatostatin

Question 42

F cells secrete

Answer 42

Pancreatic polypeptides