CARDIOVASCULAR

Question 1

What are the hemodynamic effects of distributive shock as a result of systemic infection?

Answer 1

bacterial cell wall components and cytokines induce vasodilation, leading to a low systemic vascular resistance
SNS stimulates high cardiac output via increased stroke volume and tachycardia to compensate
CVP decreases due to decreased CVR.
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) is decreased.

Question 1

What are the complications of digoxin toxicity?

Answer 1

Digoxin toxicity can cause arrhythmias, nausea, dizziness, and blurry, yellow vision

Question 2

What murmurs are associated with VSDs?

Answer 2

VSDs are the most common congenital cardiac anomaly and produce a harsh or “blowing” holosystolic murmur best heard at the left sternal border.

Question 3

What is the MOA of digoxin?

Answer 3

Digoxin works by inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and increases cardiac contractility in systolic heart failure by increasing intracellular calcium.

Question 4

Patent ductus arteriosus has a ____ murmur at the_____ border

Answer 4

continuous “machine-like”
left upper sternal

Question 5

Tricuspid regurgitation causes a ___ murmur that is loudest at the fourth intercostal space in the parasternal region.

Answer 5

holosystolic

Question 6

When does a fat embolus commonly develop?

Answer 6

The presence of a fat embolus should be considered in patient who develop pulmonary distress, cutaneous petechiae, and various neurologic abnormalities following an evident or suspected long bone fracture.

Question 7

Which antihypertensive agents are renoprotective?

Answer 7

ACE inhibitors
ARBs