Cardiovascular Flashcards
What is the purpose of the opthamoscopy during the cardio exam?
Check for hypertensive retinopathy
What do the jugular veins reflect in physical exam?
Right atrial pressure
for example, increased distension could indicate increased right atrial pressure or right side heart failure
How do you measure JVD?
- Place a ruler at the sternal angle
- Place a card or tongue blade horizontally from the top of the extent of distension
- Meausre the distance on the ruler and add 5 cm
0-8 elevation is normal
What is important to remember before palpating the carotids?
Ausculate first
When assessing the upstroke of the carotid pulse, what are 3 classifications and conditions that cause them?
- Brisk and Strong: normal
- Delayed: aortic stenosis
- Bounding: aortic insufficiency
What are the 3 classification of the point of maximal impuse (PMI) and what causes them?
- Tapping: normal
- Sustained: LV hypertrophy from hypertension or aortic stenosis
- Diffuse: dilated LV from heart failure
What can cause splitting of the S2 heart sound?
Conduction issue or heart block that disrupts synchonized semilunar valve closure.
What causes an ejection click?
What causes an opening snap?
EC: diseased aortic valve opening in early systole
OS: diseased mitral valve opening in early diastole
Describe the 6 grades of murmurs.
Grade 1 – very faint, possibly not heard in all positions
Grade 2 – Easily heard but faint
Grade 3 – Moderately loud
Grade 4 – Loud with palpable thrill
Grade 5 – Heard with stethoscope partially off chest
Grade 6 – Heard with stethoscope off the chest
What does left lateral decubitus position accentuate?
Mitral valve stenosis, S3, S4
Desribe the edema scale from 0-4.
0 – normal 1 – ankle 2 – tibia 3 – femur 4 – sacrum
What is associated with stasis dermatitis and ulcerations?
Arterial or venous insufficiency
What is associated with splinter hemorrhages in the nails?
Endocarditis
