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CARDIOVASCULAR Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

Whats diastole?

A

when blood fills relaxed ventricles

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2
Q

whats s1

A

tricuspid and mitral valve closing

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3
Q

systole

A

ventricles close

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4
Q

whats s2

A

ventricle valves closing

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5
Q

whats s3 indicative of in early diastole

A

turbulents in extra blood volume, congestive heart failure too much blood volume for ventricles

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6
Q

whats the s4 indicativite of in end diastole

A

venticle hypertrophy, stiff valves to pump against high blood pressure and pressure overload

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7
Q

heart murmurs: systolic murmur, when is it heard and what does it mean

A

between s1-s2

  • aortic/pulmonary sentosis
  • insufficency of mitral or tricupsid- leaky valves
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8
Q

diastolic murmus (2 types)

A

regurgitant: aortic/pulmonary
stenotic: mitral/tricupsid

heard between s2-s1

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9
Q

continous murmus, where are they heard and what patients are they common in

A

heard throughout systole and diastole and most commonly in patente ductus arteriousus

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10
Q

what is blood flow

A

volume/time

BF= change in pressure/resistance

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11
Q

what is serial resistance

A

add up all the resistance of the blood vessels

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12
Q

linear velocity in blood flow, feature?

A

quickest in the middle, slower nearer epithelium

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13
Q

Reynolds number?

A

=denistyxdiameterxvelocity/viscousity

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14
Q

low reynolds number?

high reynolds number

A

low=laminar

high= turbulent

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15
Q

anaemia and reynolds number

A

low viscosity = high reynolds number =turbulent

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16
Q

thrombus and reynolds number

A

decrease diameter, more turblent

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17
Q

how do measure compliance?

A

volume/pressure

veins are more compliant

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18
Q

arterioscleorisis cause what

A

arteries are less compliant so goes back in to veins, less elastinance and less recoil
increase pulse pressure

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19
Q

how do you calculate the mean arterial pressure?

A

MAP=1/3SBP +2/3DBP

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20
Q

why does the resistance decrease in capilliaries

A

due to large SA

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21
Q

calculation of stroke volume

Study These Flashcards
A

end disastolic volume - end systolic volume

22
Q

calculation of ejection fraction

Study These Flashcards
A

stroke volume/end diastolic volume

23
Q

calculate CO

24
Q

frank starling law

Study These Flashcards
A

more myosin actin binding = more force of contraction. - unless too high then over stretch and decreases

25
what is isovolumetric contraction
increasing pressure in the ventricle above pressure in aorta causing aortic valves to open
26
what is diastolic blood pressure
maximum pressure of ventricles before isovolumetric contraction
27
whats preload
increasing blood volume
28
what are baro receptors
nerve ending in blood vessel walls, detect stretch. go to nuclear tractus solaritarus
29
what are bachmanns bundles
atrial internodal tracts- simultaneous contraction of atria
30
why does conduction slow at Av . nodes
low ion channels and diameter decrease to ensure ventricle filling for SV and CO
31
describe the route of depolarisation throught he heart muscel
SA node- bundle of HIS (coordinate) , down bundle branches to purkinje fibres
32
Graph of AP in myocytes
``` phase 4 (potassium), phase 0 - depolarisation of influx of Na into cell. phase 1- K channel open decrease charge a bit. phase 2- platau phase phase 3- repolarisation ```
33
MI: what is the cause, which blood vessels is it common in
completely block coronary artery, left anterior descending, right coronary artery, left circumflex
34
how would a MI show on ECG partial infaction whole wall infaction?
nSTEMI: non st segment elevation myocardial infaction, depression of ST whole wall: STEMI
35
whats stable angina
most common >70% occlusion by plaque. fine at rest but during exercise the heart needs more blood and oxygen (chest pain) e.g. artherosclerosis of coronary arteries
36
whats unstable angina
pain doesnt go away , artherosclerosis thrombosis released and even less blood. emergency and high risk of MI due to tissue being ischaemic
37
whats the treatment for angina
Ca channel blockers (type 4) | or vasodilators
38
whats aortic dissection causes, symptoms
increase hypertension. tunica intima is teared and build up in intima media results in false lumen. can bleed into pericardial space. causing pericardial tamponade (mediastium) weak pulse in down stream arteries and difference between right and left arms
39
aneurysms what are they? what are true, berry and what are pseudo what causes
abnormal bulge in vessels in arteries ``` true: all layers bulge due to increase BP one sided (asymmetrical are called berry) ``` pseudo: false- caused by small hole in vessels and pools causes: weakenss, increase diameter and increase pressure (laplaces law), atrophy of smooth muscle in vasa varosum (aorta)
40
what is congestive heart failure what are they symptoms what are causes
cant meet demands, fluid build up. compare hearts ability to ump blood <40% ejection fraction pulmonary oedema: dyspnea, orthopnea (lying flat), crackles LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIDE: caused by left side hf isolated cardiac shunt: , caused by ventricular septal defect, chronic lung disease- RAISED JVP, cardiac cirrhosis
41
what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
increased intraventricular septum. takes up more room and valves and chambers are less compliant. this causes less SV and less CO causing heart failure. obstructive cardiomypothathy- blood through small opening and mitral valve obstructs.
42
pericarditis what is it? what shows on an ECG whats pericardial effusion?
inflammation of pericardium around heart. increasing thickness of pericadium. can cause friction rub inverted T wave pericardial effusion: fluid collection puts pressure on heart and causes tamponade physiology , causing decreased SV and increase HR due to fibrosis
43
what is cardiac tamponade caused by causes, what are the signs in the chambers
fluid in pericardium. causes: trauma, pericardiatisis, MI, Aortic dissection, heart surgery decrease CO and increase HR, pushes interventricular septum to the left, raised JVP, hypotension and distant heart sound (becks triad)
44
what is endocarditisis
mitral and aortic inflammation (can be all valves)
45
what is myocarditisis can cause fibrosis
inflammation of muscular middle later- swelling and less blood volume, heart failure. can cause fibrosis
46
what is wolff parkinsons white syndrom
accessory pathway connect atria and ventricles. secret back door - BUNDLE OF KENT. pre excitation
47
what is inotrophic
contractility of muscular tissue
48
chronotrophic
heart rate
49
dromotrophic
speed of electrical impulses
50
what does digoxin do
positive inotrophic effect inhibits Na/K ATPase.

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