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Nursing 287 > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

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1
Q

cardiovascular disease

A

heart disease
general term for a variety of conditions involving the structure and functioning of the heart
different conditions have different causes
one of the leading causes of death in adults
1/3 of canadians affected
16% of hospitalizations due to this

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2
Q

types of cardiovascular

disease

A 
ischemic heart disease
cerebrovascualr disease
peripheral vascular disease
heart failure 
rheumatic heart disease (damage to valves due to rheumatic fever)
congenital heart disease
angina
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3
Q

ischemic heart disease

A

circulation of blood to heart muscle compromised; can cause angina
can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack)

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4
Q

cerebrovascular disease

A

circulation of blood in blood vessels to the brain are compromised
transient ischemic attack (TIA, blockage for less than 24 hours)
cerebrovascular accident/stroke (long term blockage)

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5
Q

peripheral vascular disease

A

circulation of blood to legs is compromised

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6
Q

heart failure

A

pumping of heart is unable to provide enough blood for the rest of body

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7
Q

angina

A

chest pain

occurs with temporary blockage of oxygen

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8
Q

myocardial infarction

A

MI

heart attack

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9
Q

infarct

A

localized area of necrosis from obstruction of blood supply

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10
Q

necrosis

A

cell death

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11
Q

dyspnea

A

shortness of breath

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12
Q

ischemia

A

insufficient supply of blood to an organ usually due to a blocked artery

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13
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack in the brain
“temporary” stroke
usually no permanent deficits

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14
Q

heart attack does not = cardiac arrest

A

cardiac arrest = heart has stopped pumping

a heart attack can lead to cardiac arrest but not always

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15
Q

link of hypertension to heart disease

A

hypertension can lead to ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular disease
ischemic heart disease can lead to heart failure

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16
Q

hypertension

A

chronic high blood pressure
risk factor for cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease
“silent killer” due to no symptoms

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17
Q

symptoms of a myocardial infarction (heart attack)

A 
chest discomfort
jaw, neck, back, or arm pain
gastric pain or heartburn
nausea/vomiting
shortness of breath
cold sweat or lightheadedness
pale skin
denial
weight pressing on chest/radiating pain not sharp pain
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18
Q

heart attack symptoms in women

A

women may not experience chest pain
women can experience atypical symptoms that are not always recognized
may have lower back pain and just an overall feeling of tiredness and groggyness

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19
Q

most recent data on heart attacks

A
  1. 5% canadian adults over 20 live with diagnosed ischemic heart disease
  2. 1% with a history of a heart attack
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20
Q

coronary artery disease

A

damage to the coronary arteries (vessels supplying the heart)
arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis
can lead to heart attack

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21
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of blood vessels due to age or due to atherosclerosis

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22
Q

atherosclerosis

A

build up of plaque compromising blood flow and blood vessel functioning
causes narrowing and hardening of blood vessels
plaque composed of fat, cholesterol, calcium and other substances found in the blood

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23
Q

HDL and LDL

A

high density lipoproteins (good cholesterol, protective against heart disease and decrease atherosclerosis)
low density lipoproteins (bad cholesterol, associated with plaque buildup)

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24
Q

heart failure

A

heart failing as a pump due to damage
inability to pump sufficient blood to meet the needs of the cells for oxygen and nutrients
can lead to decreased cardiac output
can result from CVD, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial injury

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25
signs and symptoms of heart failure
``` fluid overload inadequate tissue perfusion shortness of breath swelling of legs and feet lack of energy difficulty sleeping swollen abdomen loss of appetite increased urination at night confusion impaired memory ```
26
heart failure leads to...
systolic heart failure (decreased contraction = decreased amount of blood ejected by ventricles) diastolic heart failure (decreased filling = higher pressure in ventricles leads to poor in-flow) *decreased cardiac output
27
non-modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease
age sex (male have a higher risk than women until menopause and then it is even risk) family history ethnic origins
28
modifiable risk factors of cardiovascular disease
``` smoking lack of exercise unhealthy eating high cholesterol hypertension sodium stress diabetes substance use *domestic violence ```
29
what we know about major chronic diseases
material deprivation and adversity during childhood contribute to heart disease and adult-onset diabetes material effects, psychosocial responses, and health threatening coping mechanisms play a role effects of living and working conditions swap the effects of behavioural risk factors poverty, unemployment, adverse working conditions also play a role
30
cerebrovascular disease
stroke or cerebrovascular accident (CA) one of the leading causes of death and disabilty 741,800 over 20 live with effects of a stroke caused by interruption of normal blood flow to an area of the brain babies inutero can have strokes stroke risk factors increase after age 55
31
signs and symptoms of a stroke
``` FAST face drooping arm weakness speech difficulty time to call 911 early detection = early treatment = early intervention ```
32
modifiable risk factors for storkes
``` hypertension (high blood pressure single most important stroke risk factor that can be controlled) smoking high cholesterol diabetes atrial fibrillation excessive alcohol recreational drug use (weed, heroine, cocaine, ecstasy) obesity stress ```
33
non-modifiable risk factors for strokes
``` age sex ethnic origin family history prior stroke or TIA ```
34
assessing risk factors for stroke
``` individual level (screening, physical assessment, assessment of the determinants of health) population level (population health approach, measure and analyze) ```
35
blood pressure
pressure or force of blood against the walls of blood vessels as it circulates
36
screening
an example of surveillance identification of abnormalities, unrecognized disease or defect through tests and procedures tells us who probably has the disease and who doesn't
37
characteristics of screening
screening techniques can be applied rapidly save time NOT diagnostic identifies abnormal findings which can be referred for further evaluation and diagnosis
38
blood pressure is a key measure of the health of...
the cardiovascular system
39
hypertension leading to heart failure
hypertension can lead to ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, and cerebrovascular disease ischemic heart disease can lead to heart failure
40
blood pressure: systolic vs. diastolic pressure
systolic pressure = top number, pressure of the blood exerted on the artery wall as a result of contraction of the left ventricle diastolic pressure = bottom number, pressure of blood exerted on the artery wall when the ventricle is at rest
41
factors influencing blood pressure
``` cardiac output (increase = increase BP, decrease = decrease BP) vascular resistance (increase = increase BP, decrease = decrease BP) volume (increase = increase BP, decrease = decrease BP) viscosity (increase = increase BP) elasticity of arterial walls (increase = increase BP) ```
42
factors affecting blood pressure
``` age exercise stress race obesity sex medications (prescribed or over the counter) sodium intake diurnal variations disease process ```
43
typical blood pressures
female = 90/60 (may change after menopause) male = 120/80 90% will develop hypertension
44
factors affecting PULSE
``` age sex stress fever eating food/drink exercise medications hypovolemia pathology ```
45
normal pulse
60-100 bpm bradycardia = slow tachycardia = fast
46
prevention levels
``` primary prevention (population) = health promotion and addressing risk factors, social and genetic factors secondary prevention (people at risk of a health problem) = screening of at risk individual, control of risk factors and early intervention tertiary prevention (people with a health problem) = rehabilitation, preventing complications and improving quality of life ```
47
advantages of screening
``` targets the individual appropriately people are motivated physicians are motivated cost-effective benefits outweigh risks ```
48
disadvantages of screening
difficulties and costs late approach (palliative and temporary) limited predictive use for this common condition (one risk factor may not result in the disease) resistance to change
49
framingham heart study
long term since 1948 looked at individual risk factors for cardiovascular disease found: smoking increases risk of CVD, hypertension increases risk of stroke, atrial fibrillation increases risk of stroke, psychosocial things increase risk of heart disease, obesity increases risk of heart failure, sleep apneia increases risk of stroke
50
canadian hypertension education program (CHEP) | goal
to reduce burden of cardiovascular disease in canada through optimized hypertension prevention and management
51
CHEP activities
regularly updated evidence-based recommendations for the prevention and management of hypertension knowledge translation and exchange of the recommendations to support implementation regular evaluation and revision of the program assessment of patient outcomes
52
CHEP recommendations
all canadian adults should have their blood pressure assessed at all appropriate clinical visits facilitate behaviour and lifestyle changes achieve target blood pressures (140/90 or 130/80 for diabetics) sustain the behaviour and lifestyle changes
53
challenges to hypertension management
44% could not identify a normal blood pressure 80% unaware of association between hypertension and heart disease 63% believed hypertension wasn't serious 38% thought they could control high blood pressure without help from healthcare not everyone can afford or access help
54
risk communication
inform and make people understand risk and/or the true value of intervention
55
world health organization cardiovascular disease stats
``` #1 cause of death globally 17.5 million people died from CVD in 2012 over 3/4 of CVD deaths occur in low and middle class countries ```
56
PHAC CVD
1 in 3 canadians will die from CVD in 2007 1.3 million canadians had heart disease diagnosis in 2007 317,500 canadians were living with the effects of a stroke
57
impact of CVD on individuals and families
perceived poor health activity restriction required assistance with activities of daily living anxiety and depression
58
progress...
recent decrease in mortality rates but with aging population it could potentially increase but increase in prevalence of obesity and diabetes which are both significant risk factors for CVD 9 out of 10 individuals have one of the risk factors 2 out 5 individuals have 3 or more risk factors
59
financial costs of CVD
direct costs = hospitalizations, physician care, medication | indirect costs = premature death, long-term disability, short-term disability
60
CHHS-AP 6 recommendations
``` (canadian heart healthy strategy and action plan) create heart healthy environments help canadians lead healthier lives access to care for indigenous canadians reform health services build knowledge and infrastructure develop right service providers ```
61
key elements of a population health approach
``` measure health of population address determinants of health base decisions on evidence invest upstream apply multiple strategies to act on determinants of health collaborate across levels and sectors employ mechanisms to engage citizens increase accountability for health outcomes ```
62
excess sodium...
accumulates in the blood and it attracts and holds water which increases blood volume increased blood volume requires the heart to work harder and pump more blood through the vessels which increase blood pressure if it lasts too long it can damage arteries over time
63
benefits of decreasing dietary sodium
decreased dietary sodium decreases hypertension which decreases CVD which decreases costs to the healthcare system

Nursing 287 (12 decks)

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