Cardiovascular

Question 1

What is CO?

Answer 1

measurement of cardiac efficiency

The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute

Question 2

What is the formula for CO?

Answer 2

CO= stroke volume x HR

Question 3

What SVR (SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE)

Answer 3

the pressure caused by systemic circulation

Question 4

What are murmurs?

Answer 4

Blowing or swooshing sound

Question 5

What causes murmurs?

Answer 5

High blood flow rate through normal or abnormal orifices 
Forward flow through a narrowed or irregular or into a dilated vessel 
Backward flow (regurgitation) through an incompetent valve

Question 6

What are systolic murmurs?

Answer 6

Associated with aortic and pulmonic valves

Question 7

What are diastolic murmurs?

Answer 7

Associated with tricuspid and mitral valves

Question 8

What’s the equation for BP?

Answer 8

SVR + CO

Question 9

What’s pre htn?

Answer 9

120-139/80-89

Question 10

What is grade 1 HTN?

Answer 10

140-159/90-99, mild

Question 11

What is grade 2 HTN?

Answer 11

Moderate, 160-179/100-109

Question 12

What is grade 3 HTN?

Answer 12

Greater than 180/>110

Question 13

What factors contribute to the development of HTN?

Answer 13

SNS stimulation
H2O & Na retention
Insulin resistance
Renin angiotensin mechanisms

Question 14

What are level one treatments for htn?

Answer 14

Weight reduction
Decrease Na intake
I’m ease physical activity
Decrease alcohol consumption

Question 15

What are the goals of level 2 treatment of HTN?

Answer 15

Lower SVR and CO

Question 16

What are level two treatments of HTN?

Answer 16

Thiazide dieuretics
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin receptor blockers
Beta blockers

Question 17

What does HTN play a major factor in the function of?

Answer 17

Brain, kidneys, eyes, peripheral vascular system

Question 18

What does HF include?

Answer 18

Abnormal condition with impaired cardiac pumping
Changes of vasoconstriction and fluid retention
Any mechanisms affecting CO
Ventricular dysfunction
Decreased exercise tolerance and quality of life
Shortened life expectancy

Question 19

What are primary risk factors of HF?

Answer 19

Diabetes, high cholesterol, HTN, obesity, smoking, poor diet

Question 20

What is the number one cause of HF?

Answer 20

HTN

Question 21

What is the number two cause of HF?

Answer 21

CAD

Question 22

What is the third cause of HF?

Answer 22

Cardiomyopathy

Question 23

What are the three types of cardiomyopathy?

Answer 23

Dilated
Hypertrophic
Restrictive

Question 24

What causes dilated cardiomyopathy?

Answer 24

HTN 
Alcohol 
Diabetes 
Obesity 
Infections

Question 25

What causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 25

Uncontrolled HTN

Question 26

What cause restricted cardiomyopathy?

Answer 26

Tumours Cancer Disease of the heart muscle

Question 27

Where does chronic HF affect?

Answer 27

Heart musculature

Question 28

Which side of the heart does chronic HF affect?

Answer 28

Can effect both R and L

Question 29

What is acute HF?

Answer 29

Inability to meet body’s oxygen demand

Question 30

Is acute HF left sided or right?

Answer 30

Left

Question 31

What are the two types of HF?

Answer 31

Right sided HF | Left sided HF

Question 32

What are causes of left sided HF?

Answer 32

``` CV disease Previous MI Valve disease Congenital disease Arrhythmias HTN Cardiac infection ```

Question 33

What are complications of left sided HF?

Answer 33

Pulmonary edema Resp distress Life threatening arrhythmias Valve dysfunction

Question 34

What are causes of right sided HF?

Answer 34

Left sided HF Lung disease Pulmonary valve stenosis Tricuspid valve disease

Question 35

What are complications of right sided HF?

Answer 35

``` Severe anemia Renal failure Hepatic failure Blood clots Chronic venous stasis ```

Question 36

What are common clinical manifestations bw both types of HF?

Answer 36

``` Fatigue SOB trouble sleeping Chest pain Tachycardia Nocturia ```

Question 37

What is the goal of therapy for chronic Hf?

Answer 37

Improve CO

Question 38

What does acute HF manifest as?

Answer 38

Pulmonary edema

Question 39

What does early stage of acute HF look like?

Answer 39

Increased RR | Decreased Pa02

Question 40

What does a later stage of acute heart failure look like

Answer 40

Tachypnea | Respiratory acidosis