Endocrine

Question 1

What is diabetes?

Answer 1

Disorder of glucose metabolism related to absent or insufficient insulin supply or poor utilization of insulin

Question 2

What are the most common types of diabetes?

Answer 2

Type 1 and type 2
Pre diabetes
Gestational diabetes

Question 3

What people are at high risk for diabetes?

Answer 3

Hispanic Asian African First Nation

Question 4

Is being younger than 40 a risk factor for diabetes?

Answer 4

F

Question 5

Do you have a higher risk for diabetes if you have a first relative with it?

Answer 5

T

Question 6

Does having vascular disease put you at risk for diabetes?

Answer 6

T

Question 7

Do you have a lower risk if you have a Hx of gestational diabetes?

Answer 7

F , higher

Question 8

Is hypotension a risk factor for diabetes?

Answer 8

F it’s HTN

Question 9

Are you at higher risk of you dyslipidemia and are overweight and with schizophrenia?

Answer 9

T

Question 10

Where is the insulin hormone produced?

Answer 10

Islets of Langer Hans in pancreas

Question 11

How does insulin affect BG?

Answer 11

Lowers

Question 12

What’s a stable range of glucose?

Answer 12

4-6 mmol /L

Question 13

What is the average amount of insulin secreted daily p?

Answer 13

40 to 50 units

Question 14

What hormones oppose the effects of insulin?

Answer 14

Glucagon, epinephrine, growth hormone and cortisol

Question 15

How do glucagon epinephrine, cortisol and growth hormone oppose the effect of insulin?

Answer 15

Increase BG by stimulating glucose production ans output by the liber and decreasing movement of glucose into the cells

Question 16

Insulin promotes glucose transport from the..

Answer 16

Bloodstream to cell membrane

Question 17

How does glucose enter the cell?

Answer 17

Insulin receptor accepts unsound, glucose channel opens, glucose flows in

Question 18

What does high cortisol levels cause?

Answer 18

High glucose levels

Question 19

What happens when insulin levels are constantly high?

Answer 19

Cells become insulin resistant

Question 20

What is insulin resistance?What occurs as a result?

Answer 20

Insulin no longer fits into insulin receptor. Less glucose enters the cells, cells are starved of glucose.

Question 21

How does the body compensate for lack of glucose p?

Answer 21

Body produces more insulin, allowing only half the glucose in bc the fit of the insulin is poor

Question 22

Why is having high insulin levels a bad thing?

Answer 22

High insulin levels cause obesity bc insulin stores fat

Question 23

What is type 1 diabetes p?

Answer 23

Progressive destruction of pancreatic beta cells, beta cells store and release insulin, immune system attacks beta cells. There is no insulin being released to move glucose into cells leading to hyperglycaemia. Bc body can’t use sugar it’s expelled in urine

Question 24

What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 24

Polydipsia (excessive thirst)
Polyphagia (extreme hunger)
Polyurea (excessive urination)

Question 25

What is required to sustain life in type 1 diabetes pts?

Answer 25

Exogenous insulin

Question 26

What disease lead up to type 2 diabetes p?

Answer 26

Metabolic syndrome | Pre diabetes

Question 27

What is metabolic syndrome e

Answer 27

``` Insulin resistance Increased waist circumference High BP high triglycerides Low HDL cholesterol ```

Question 28

How to reverse metabolic syndrome?

Answer 28

``` Smoking cessation Lowering BP Reducing glucose levels Weight reduction Increase physical activity Healthy diet ```

Question 29

What are the two types of pre diabetes?

Answer 29

Impaired fasting glucose | Impaired glucose tolerance

Question 30

What is impaired fasting glucose?

Answer 30

BG levels high after fasting

Question 31

What is impaired glucose tolerance?

Answer 31

Insulin resistance

Question 32

What is type 2 diabetes

Answer 32

Pancreas produces insulin | But is poorly utilized by tissues

Question 33

How is type 2 diabetes diagnosed?

Answer 33

Fasting plasma glucose level of greater than 7 mmol/l | Random plasma glucose level great 11.1 mmol L

Question 34

Why can insulin not be taken orally?

Answer 34

Inactivated by gastric juices

Question 35

How does exercise affect BG?

Answer 35

Increases insulin sensitivity and lowers BG

Question 36

What are symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

Answer 36

``` Thrust Hunger Dry skin Nausea Blurred vision Frequent ruination Drowsiness ```