Cardiovascular And Plumonary Disorders Pt. 2

Question 1

What is the greater the preload (“stretching of the heart”); the greater the contractility and more blood ejected?

Answer 1

Frank Starling law of the heart

Question 2

What is the placement of a catheter in venous system into the right side of the heart for measurement of:
Central venous pressure (CVP): blood pressure experienced by the right atrium
Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP): measurement of blood pressure within the pulmonary capillaries

Answer 2

Venous catheterization

Question 3

What is the placement of catheter in arterial system into the left side of the heart for measurement of:
Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF): stroke volume
Investigation of obstruction of coronary arteries

Answer 3

Arterial catheterization

Question 4

What is the inability for the heart to pump sufficient blood (cardiac output) to supply the body’s needs

Answer 4

Heart failure

Question 5

____ heart failure occurs when the left ventricle can no longer maintain normal cardiac output
Congestive heart failure (CHF) most accurately describes it

Answer 5

Left sided

Question 6

_____ heart failure occurs secondary to either left-sided heart failure or pulmonary disease
Cor pulmonale describes right ventricular enlargement and failure due to pulmonary hypertension caused by pulmonary disease

Answer 6

Right sided

Question 7

What are are a heterogeneous group of diseases of the myocardium associated with mechanical and/or electrical dysfunction that usually (but not invariably) exhibit inappropriate ventricular hypertrophy or dilation and are the result of a variety of causes that frequently are genetic

Answer 7

Cardiomyopathies

Question 8

What contrition is characterized by jugular vein distention?

Answer 8

Right sided heart failure

Question 9

What is generalized systemic edema?

Answer 9

Anasarca

Question 10

What occurs when pressure is applied to a small area and an indentation persists for some time after the release of the pressure?

Answer 10

Pitting edema

Question 11

What is the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 11

Ascites

Question 12

What is associated with salt and water retention, general edema, ascites and other effusions, pulmonary congestion and edema, dyspnea, poor ventilation, poor oxygen uptake, and cyanosis. ?

Answer 12

Left sided heart failure

Question 13

What is associated with systemic venous congestion, peripheral edema, and hepatosplenomegaly.?

Answer 13

Right sided heart failure

Question 14

What pathology is associated with the following clinical management:

Dietary changes: sodium-restricted and fluid-limited intake to reduce excessive body fluid volume
Pharmacotherapy to reduce the heart’s workload, increase muscular strength, reduce vascular resistance, and/or inhibit neuroendocrine (ANS and RAAS) responses to the heart
ACE inhibitors: reduce RAAS secretion of angiotensin II and aldosterone secretion
Diuretics: reduce excessive body fluid accumulation and congestion by stimulating renal excretion of sodium and water
Beta-adrenergic antagonists (blockers): reduce sympathetic stimulation of the heart thereby reducing heart workload

Answer 14

Heart failure

Question 15

What is narrowing of valve opening or a valve that does not close completely causing 1) increased workload (more pressure must be created to overcome resistance forcing blood through smaller opening) 2) regurgitation of blood into the previous chamber ?

Answer 15

Valvular stenosis

Question 16

What is incompetent or valvular insufficiency) does not close properly allow leakage of blood into the previous area

Answer 16

Regurgitate valve

Question 17

What is a form of endocarditis that involves:
Infection by group A beta hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS)
Most common symptoms: fever and joint pain
Initiated by strep throat infection in children (ages 5 to 15)
Untreated strep throat can develop RF which can progress to

Answer 17

Rheumatic fever

Question 18

What is the most common valve disorder caused by RF; aortic semilunar valve can be affect also

Answer 18

Mitral valve stenosis

Question 19

What are the following clinical presentations indicative of:

Positive strep throat culture
Acute strep throat or prior untreated, prolonged strep throat infection
Polyarthritis; the inflammation of several joints simultaneously
Carditis, inflammation of the heart, presenting as valve dysfunction and possible murmur with or without chest pain

Answer 19

Rheumatic fever and heart disease

Question 20

What is the inflammation of the pericardial membrane (pericardium) and cavity surrounding the heart

Answer 20

Pericarditis

Question 21

What occurs when fibrotic adherent tissue develops in the pericardium restricting heart movement

Answer 21

Constrictive pericarditis

Question 22

What occurs when inflammatory fluid or blood accumulates within the pericardial cavity

Answer 22

Pericardial effusion

Question 23

What is compression of the heart restricting heart movements

Answer 23

Cardiac tamponade

Question 24

What is the welling and inflammation of a vein due to thrombus deposition with the lumen

Answer 24

Thrombophlebitis

Question 25

What is the inadequate venous return to the heart over a long period of time
E.g venous dilation and valvular incompetence (varicose veins)

Answer 25

Chronic venous insufficiency

Question 26

What are an abnormal dilation of veins leading to tortuosity (twisting and turning) of the vessel, incompetence of the valves, and a propensity to thrombosis

Answer 26

Varicose veins