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Patho > Cardiovascular And Pulmonary Disorders Pt. 3 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular And Pulmonary Disorders Pt. 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process of production of alternating pressure gradients allowing air to enter and exit the lung?

A

Ventilation

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2
Q

What is gas exchange, between the outside atmosphere and the blood?

A

Respiration

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3
Q

What are serous membranes that lines the thoracic cavity and envelopes the lungs?

A

Pleural membrane

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4
Q

How much serous fluid does the pleural cavity contain?

A

10-20 mL

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5
Q

What is another name for the “mucus elevator”?

A

Mucociliary apparatus

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6
Q

What consists of ciliated pseudo-columnar epithelial cells and goblet cells that secrete mucus ?

A

Mucociliary apparatus

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7
Q

What occurs when material from the oropharynx enters the lower respiratory tract. ?

A

Pulmonary aspiration

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8
Q

What is the release carbon dioxide and bind oxygen producing oxyhemoglobin within the pulmonary capillaries?

A

Carbaminohemoglobin

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9
Q

What is excessively high levels of CO2 indicating acidosis and likely hypoxia?

A

Hypercapnia

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10
Q

What is the ratio of the volume of alveolar air to volume of blood flow to the alveoli which normally approaches equality?

A

Ventilation-perfusion ratio (V-Q ratio)

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11
Q

What are sometimes called rales, are noncontinuous sounds that occur when deflated alveoli open and close against fluid
Common sign of congestive heart failure or pneumonia?

A

Crackles

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12
Q

What is the most common condition of pulmonary disorders?

A

Hypoxemia

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13
Q

What is an increased rate and depth associated with diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Kussmaul’s breathing

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14
Q

What are two signs of pulmonary disease?

A

Cyanosis and clubbing of the nails

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15
Q

What is an acute inflammatory injury of the lung parenchyma (the functional tissue rather than connective tissue)?

A

Pneumonia

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16
Q

What is the most common form of pneumonia and involves the destruction of the alveolar membrane (respiratory epithelium)

A

Bacterial

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17
Q

What type of pneumonia occurs due to impaired pharyngeal motor functions (CNS or neuromuscular injury) that depress the cough and swallowing reflexes or anatomical abnormalities?

A

Aspiration

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18
Q

What type of pneumonia is characterized by mild symptoms and affects patients with compromised immune systems or immunodeficiencies (HIV/AIDS patients)?

A

Fungal

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19
Q

What type of pneumonia is contracted from healthcare settings

A

Community acquired

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20
Q

What pathology has the following clinical presentation:

Sudden and sharp pleuritic chest pain aggravated by chest movement
Auscultatory crackles and percussion dullness from exudate accumulation
A hacking productive cough with rust-colored or green purulent sputum
Dyspnea, tachypnea, and/or cyanosis
Systemic inflammatory response: headache, fatigue, fever, chills, generalized aches, and myalgias
Diagnosis: Sputum culture, analysis, and Gram stain with thoracic imaging (x-ray demonstrating opacity ), and physical examination

A

Pneumonia

21
Q

What is the acute inflammation of the bronchi and bronchioles caused by either bacterial or viral infection, toxic gases, or chemicals?

A

Acute bronchitis

22
Q

What pathology has the following signs and symptoms:

Early symptoms of the common cold or upper respiratory tract infection
Nasal and pharyngeal inflammation
Prominent cough that progresses which can last from 10 to 20 days during the course
Wheezing

A

Acute bronchitis

23
Q

What pathology refers to an irreversible chronic airflow limitation?

A

COPD

24
Q

What is characterized by airway obstruction, air trapping, dysfunctional gas exchange, excessive mucus secretion, and pulmonary hypertension?

A

COPD

25
Q

What pathology are the following medications used to manage:

Inhaled bronchodilators to counteract bronchoconstriction (short-acting and long-acting)
Beta-2-adrenergic agonists (Albuterol)
Sympathetic bronchodilators
Anticholinergic medications
Inhibitors of parasympathetic bronchoconstriction
Oral bronchodilators
Inhaled corticosteroids
Reduces bronchial inflammation and progressive bronchial changes

A

COPD

26
Q

What is clinically defined as a persistent productive cough lasting for at least 3 months per year for 2 consecutive year?

A

Chronic bronchitis

27
Q

What pathology has the characteristic of “blue bloater” for their physical appearance?

A

Chronic bronchitis

28
Q

What is the pathological enlargement of air spaces beyond the terminal bronchiole ?

A

Emphysema

29
Q

What pathology is often described as the “pink puffer”?

A

Emphysema

30
Q

What pathology has Hyperinflation that leads to permanent overdistention of alveolar walls forming microscopic pockets of air (blebs) and large pockets of air (bullae)

A

Emphysema

31
Q

What pathology is characterized by:

Overweight and cyanosis, elevated hemoglobin, peripheral edema, rhonchi and wheezing?

A

Chronic bronchitis

32
Q

What pathology is characterized by:

Older and thin, severe dyspnea, quiet chest and xrays of hyperinflation with flattened diaphragm?

A

Emphysema

33
Q

What type of asthma is caused by an allergic type 1 hypersensitivity?

A

Extrinsic

34
Q

What type of asthma is non allergic that’s due to infection of other causes?

A

Intrinsic

35
Q

What are diverse injuries or diseases that reduce lung volume and thoracic movement?

A

Restrictive pulmonary diseases

36
Q

What is restrictive lung disease for a variety of disorders that lead to progressive scarring (fibrosis) of the lung tissue)?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

37
Q

What pathology presents with a Thoracic x-ray reveals a pattern of diffuse markings called a “ground glass” appearance in the lower lung fields

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

38
Q

What is a result of multiple rib and/or sternum fracture causing: restrictive lung disease (decreased compliance), hemodynamic abnormalities, and pneumatic abnormalities?

A

Flail chest

39
Q

What is the collapse of normally expanded and aerated lung tissue regardless of anatomical area

A

Atelectasis

40
Q

What pathology develops due to no underlying lung pathophysiology or is associated with ruptured blebs or bullae from COPD and other diseases?

A

Spontaneous pneumothorax

41
Q

What pathology can occur due to injury or puncture of the visceral pleura or chest wall allowing air to enter and exit the pleura cavity?

A

Traumatic pneumothorax

42
Q

What pathology allows air to enter, but not to escape displacing the mediastinal structures and opposite lung
Progressive compression of the opposite lung, heart, and vena cavae leading to respiratory and heart failure

A

Tension pneumothorax

43
Q

What is the most common genetic disease of the Caucasian population in the US?

A

Cystic fibrosis

44
Q

What is a group of lung inflammatory diseases caused by the inhalation of particles of occupational or industrial substances (e.g. silicosis – construction/rock dust, anthracnosis – coal mining dust, etc.

A

Pneumoconiosis

45
Q

What is a progressive condition of irreversible destruction and dilation of the airways
Etiology: excessive inflammation due to infection or hypersensitivity reaction

A

Bronchiectasis

46
Q

What is sleep-disordered breathing): a collection of syndromes that intermittently disrupt ventilation or gas exchange causing sleep interruption
Can be a distinct entity or a combination of 1) obstructive sleep apnea due to anatomical airway obstruction and/or 2) central sleep apnea due to altered chemoreception or CNS respiratory control

A

Sleep apnea

47
Q

What is due to a systemic (shock) or a pulmonary insult (infection or ischemia) that initiates a severe inflammatory and fibrotic response that specifically injuries the alveolar membrane; ARDS has a high mortality rate

A

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

48
Q

What is inflammation of the pleura membrane that may occur due to infection or injury

A

Pleurisy

49
Q

What is the collection of fluid (serous fluid, inflammatory exudate, or blood) in the pleural cavity; excessive pleural effusion can compress the lungs and mediastinum interfering with cardiopulmonary function

A

Pleural effusion

Patho (9 decks)

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