cardiovascular ch 31 lewis

Question 1

cusps of the mitral and tricuspid valves are attached to thin strands of fibrous tissue ca

Answer 1

chordae tendineae

Question 2

are anchored in the papillary muscles of the ventricles. This support system prevents the eversion of the leaflets into the atria during ventricular contraction.

Answer 2

Chordae function

Question 3

prevent blood from regurgitating into the ventricles at the end of each ventricular contraction.

Answer 3

pulmonic and aortic valves (also known as semilunar valves)

Question 4

, the coronary circulation

Answer 4

myocardium has its own blood supply aka

Question 5

diastole (relaxation of the myocardium).

Answer 5

Blood flow into the 2 major coronary arteries occurs primarily during

Question 6

the left anterior descending artery and left circumflex artery.

Answer 6

left coronary artery arises from the aorta and divides into 2 main branches:

Question 7

arteries supply the left atrium, left ventricle, interventricular septum, and part of the right ventricle.

Answer 7

left coronary artery arises from the aorta divides into the left anterior descending artery and left circumflex artery.

Question 8

the right atrium, right ventricle, and part of the posterior wall of the left ventricle

Answer 8

right coronary artery also arises from the aorta, and its branches supply

Question 9

right coronary artery. For this reason, blockage of this artery often causes serious defects in cardiac conduction.

Answer 9

. In 90% of people, the atrioventricular (AV) node and the bundle of His receive blood supply from the

Question 10

coronary sinus (a large channel), which empties into the right atrium near the entrance of the inferior vena cava.1

Answer 10

Most of the blood from the coronary system drains into the

Question 11

• of the SA node

- represents depolarization of the atria

Answer 11

the P wave, begins with the firing

Question 12

• depolarization from the AV node throughout the ventricles

- time between the beginning of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS wave..

Answer 12

QRS complex represents

Question 13

repolarization of the ventricles

Answer 13

T wave represents

Question 14

A large U wave may occur with hypokalemia.

Answer 14

U wave, if seen, may represent repolarization of the Purkinje fibers.

Question 15

is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute.

Answer 15

Cardiac output (CO)

Question 16

amount of blood ejected from the ventricle

Answer 16

stroke volume

Question 17

heartbeat

Answer 17

heart rate

Question 18

is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute.

Answer 18

Cardiac output (CO)

Question 19

of 4 to 8 L/min

Answer 19

For the normal adult at rest, CO is maintained in the range

Question 20

is the CO divided by the body surface area (BSA)

Answer 20

Cardiac index (CI)

Question 21

CI is 2.8 to 4.2 L per minute per meter squared (L/min/m2).3

Answer 21

Cardiac index (CI) range

Question 22

by the autonomic nervous system, can reach as high as 180 beats/min for short periods without harmful effects.

Answer 22

HR, which is controlled primarily (affect Cardiac Output)

Question 23

there is less time for diastolic filling and perfusion of the coronary arteries

Answer 23

rapid HRs, effect

Question 24

are preload, contractility, and afterload.

Answer 24

factors affecting Stroke Volume

Question 25

rapid HR or hypovolemia reduces ventricular filling during diastole.

Answer 25

Preload is decreased when a

Question 26

by epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 26

Contractility can be increased

Question 27

is the peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump

Answer 27

Afterload

Question 28

the size of the ventricle, wall tension, and arterial

Answer 28

Afterload depends on

Question 29

cardiovascular system must respond to many situations in health and illness (e.g., exercise, stress, hypovolemia). The ability to respond to these demands by altering CO is termed

Answer 29

cardiac reserve.

Question 30

are the arteries, veins, and capillaries

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3 major types of blood vessels

Question 31

, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, and then back to the right side of the heart.

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Blood circulates from the left side of the heart into arteries

Question 32

serve as the major control of arterial BP and distribution of blood flow

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Arterioles

Question 33

maintains hemostasis, promotes blood flow, and, under normal conditions, inhibits blood coagulation.

Answer 33

endothelium (innermost lining of artery)

Question 34

is a low-pressure, high-volume system

Answer 34

venous system

Question 35

at intervals to maintain the blood flow toward the heart and to prevent backward flow.

Answer 35

larger veins have semilunar valves

Question 36

arterial flow, compression of veins by skeletal muscles, changes in thoracic and abdominal pressures, and right atrial pressure.

Answer 36

amount of blood in the venous system is affected

Question 37

which returns blood to the heart from the head, neck, and arms, and the inferior vena cava, which returns blood to the heart from the lower part of the body.

Answer 37

largest veins are the superior vena cava,

Question 38

collect blood from the capillary beds and channel it to the larger veins.

Answer 38

Venules

Question 39

the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

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autonomic nervous system consists of

Question 40

effect is mediated by specific sites in the heart called beta (β)-adrenergic receptors, which are receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Answer 40

beta (β)-adrenergic receptors

Question 41

by decreasing the impulses from the SA node and thus con

Answer 41

parasympathetic system (mediated by the vagus nerve) slows the HR

Question 42

beta (β)-adrenergic receptors, which are receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine.

Answer 42

beta (β)-adrenergic receptors

Question 43

slows the HR by decreasing the impulses from the SA node and thus conduction through the AV node.

Answer 43

parasympathetic system (mediated by the vagus nerve)

Question 44

results in vasoconstriction.

Answer 44

Stimulation of α1-adrenergic receptors

Question 45

causes vasodilation

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Decreased stimulation to α1-adrenergic receptors

Question 46

are sensitive to stretch or pressure within the arterial system

Answer 46

Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus (at the origin of the internal carotid artery)

Question 47

in the aortic and carotid bodies and the medulla. They can cause changes in respiratory rate and BP in response to increased arterial CO2 pressure (hypercapnia) and, to a lesser degree, decreased plasma pH (acidosis) and arterial O2 pressure (hypoxia)

Answer 47

Chemoreceptors are found

Question 48

is the force opposing the movement of blood.

Answer 48

SVR

Question 49

We can assess SBP and pulse using a

Answer 49

Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter.

Question 50

to the average pressure within the arterial system that is felt by organs in the body

Answer 50

mean arterial pressure (MAP). The MAP refers

Question 51

With increased age, the amount of collagen in the heart increases and elastin decreases

Answer 51

Age-related changes in the cardiovascular system

Question 52

(decrease in BP of at least 20 mm Hg that occurs within 75 minutes after eating)

Answer 52

Postprandial hypotension

Question 53

may be a symptom of peripheral vascular disease and/or a side effect of some drugs used to treat CVD (e.g., β-blockers, diuretics)

Answer 53

Erectile dysfunction (ED)

Question 54

can identify conduction problems, dysrhythmias, position of heart, cardiac hypertrophy, pericarditis, myocardial ischemia or infarction, pacemaker activity, and effectiveness of drug therapy at one point in time.

Answer 54

A resting 12-lead ECG