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adn semester 2 > cardiovascular ch 31 lewis > Flashcards

cardiovascular ch 31 lewis Flashcards

1
Q

cusps of the mitral and tricuspid valves are attached to thin strands of fibrous tissue ca

A

chordae tendineae

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2
Q

are anchored in the papillary muscles of the ventricles. This support system prevents the eversion of the leaflets into the atria during ventricular contraction.

A

Chordae function

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3
Q

prevent blood from regurgitating into the ventricles at the end of each ventricular contraction.

A

pulmonic and aortic valves (also known as semilunar valves)

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4
Q

, the coronary circulation

A

myocardium has its own blood supply aka

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5
Q

diastole (relaxation of the myocardium).

A

Blood flow into the 2 major coronary arteries occurs primarily during

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6
Q

the left anterior descending artery and left circumflex artery.

A

left coronary artery arises from the aorta and divides into 2 main branches:

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7
Q

arteries supply the left atrium, left ventricle, interventricular septum, and part of the right ventricle.

A

left coronary artery arises from the aorta divides into the left anterior descending artery and left circumflex artery.

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8
Q

the right atrium, right ventricle, and part of the posterior wall of the left ventricle

A

right coronary artery also arises from the aorta, and its branches supply

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9
Q

right coronary artery. For this reason, blockage of this artery often causes serious defects in cardiac conduction.

A

. In 90% of people, the atrioventricular (AV) node and the bundle of His receive blood supply from the

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10
Q

coronary sinus (a large channel), which empties into the right atrium near the entrance of the inferior vena cava.1

A

Most of the blood from the coronary system drains into the

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11
Q
  • of the SA node

- represents depolarization of the atria

A

the P wave, begins with the firing

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12
Q
  • depolarization from the AV node throughout the ventricles

- time between the beginning of the P wave and the beginning of the QRS wave..

A

QRS complex represents

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13
Q

repolarization of the ventricles

A

T wave represents

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14
Q

A large U wave may occur with hypokalemia.

A

U wave, if seen, may represent repolarization of the Purkinje fibers.

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15
Q

is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute.

A

Cardiac output (CO)

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16
Q

amount of blood ejected from the ventricle

A

stroke volume

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17
Q

heartbeat

A

heart rate

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18
Q

is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in 1 minute.

A

Cardiac output (CO)

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19
Q

of 4 to 8 L/min

A

For the normal adult at rest, CO is maintained in the range

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20
Q

is the CO divided by the body surface area (BSA)

A

Cardiac index (CI)

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21
Q

CI is 2.8 to 4.2 L per minute per meter squared (L/min/m2).3

A

Cardiac index (CI) range

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22
Q

by the autonomic nervous system, can reach as high as 180 beats/min for short periods without harmful effects.

A

HR, which is controlled primarily (affect Cardiac Output)

23
Q

there is less time for diastolic filling and perfusion of the coronary arteries

A

rapid HRs, effect

24
Q

are preload, contractility, and afterload.

A

factors affecting Stroke Volume

25
Q

rapid HR or hypovolemia reduces ventricular filling during diastole.

A

Preload is decreased when a

26
Q

by epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the sympathetic nervous system

A

Contractility can be increased

27
Q

is the peripheral resistance against which the left ventricle must pump

A

Afterload

28
Q

the size of the ventricle, wall tension, and arterial

A

Afterload depends on

29
Q

cardiovascular system must respond to many situations in health and illness (e.g., exercise, stress, hypovolemia). The ability to respond to these demands by altering CO is termed

A

cardiac reserve.

30
Q

are the arteries, veins, and capillaries

A

3 major types of blood vessels

31
Q

, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins, and then back to the right side of the heart.

A

Blood circulates from the left side of the heart into arteries

32
Q

serve as the major control of arterial BP and distribution of blood flow

A

Arterioles

33
Q

maintains hemostasis, promotes blood flow, and, under normal conditions, inhibits blood coagulation.

A

endothelium (innermost lining of artery)

34
Q

is a low-pressure, high-volume system

A

venous system

35
Q

at intervals to maintain the blood flow toward the heart and to prevent backward flow.

A

larger veins have semilunar valves

36
Q

arterial flow, compression of veins by skeletal muscles, changes in thoracic and abdominal pressures, and right atrial pressure.

A

amount of blood in the venous system is affected

37
Q

which returns blood to the heart from the head, neck, and arms, and the inferior vena cava, which returns blood to the heart from the lower part of the body.

A

largest veins are the superior vena cava,

38
Q

collect blood from the capillary beds and channel it to the larger veins.

A

Venules

39
Q

the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system

A

autonomic nervous system consists of

40
Q

effect is mediated by specific sites in the heart called beta (β)-adrenergic receptors, which are receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine.

A

beta (β)-adrenergic receptors

41
Q

by decreasing the impulses from the SA node and thus con

A

parasympathetic system (mediated by the vagus nerve) slows the HR

42
Q

beta (β)-adrenergic receptors, which are receptors for norepinephrine and epinephrine.

A

beta (β)-adrenergic receptors

43
Q

slows the HR by decreasing the impulses from the SA node and thus conduction through the AV node.

A

parasympathetic system (mediated by the vagus nerve)

44
Q

results in vasoconstriction.

A

Stimulation of α1-adrenergic receptors

45
Q

causes vasodilation

A

Decreased stimulation to α1-adrenergic receptors

46
Q

are sensitive to stretch or pressure within the arterial system

A

Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid sinus (at the origin of the internal carotid artery)

47
Q

in the aortic and carotid bodies and the medulla. They can cause changes in respiratory rate and BP in response to increased arterial CO2 pressure (hypercapnia) and, to a lesser degree, decreased plasma pH (acidosis) and arterial O2 pressure (hypoxia)

A

Chemoreceptors are found

48
Q

is the force opposing the movement of blood.

A

SVR

49
Q

We can assess SBP and pulse using a

A

Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter.

50
Q

to the average pressure within the arterial system that is felt by organs in the body

A

mean arterial pressure (MAP). The MAP refers

51
Q

With increased age, the amount of collagen in the heart increases and elastin decreases

A

Age-related changes in the cardiovascular system

52
Q

(decrease in BP of at least 20 mm Hg that occurs within 75 minutes after eating)

A

Postprandial hypotension

53
Q

may be a symptom of peripheral vascular disease and/or a side effect of some drugs used to treat CVD (e.g., β-blockers, diuretics)

A

Erectile dysfunction (ED)

54
Q

can identify conduction problems, dysrhythmias, position of heart, cardiac hypertrophy, pericarditis, myocardial ischemia or infarction, pacemaker activity, and effectiveness of drug therapy at one point in time.

A

A resting 12-lead ECG

adn semester 2 (19 decks)

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