Ch 44 Assessment Of Urinary System

Question 1

2 kidneys and 2 ureters.

Answer 1

upper urinary system consists of

Question 2

a urinary bladder and urethra

Answer 2

lower urinary system consists of

Question 3

the kidneys, drains through the ureters to be stored in the bladder, and then passes out of the body through the urethra.

Answer 3

Urine is formed in

Question 4

(1) regulate the volume and composition of extracellular fluid (ECF) and (2) excrete waste products from the body. The kidneys also function to control BP, make erythropoietin, activate vitamin D, and regulate acid-base balance.

Answer 4

primary functions of the kidneys are to

Question 5

the kidney and serves as a shock absorber if this area is traumatized from a sudden force or strike.

Answer 5

capsule protects

Question 6

on the medial side of the kidney serves as the entry site for the renal artery and nerves and as the exit site for the renal vein and ureter.

Answer 6

The hilus

Question 7

is the actual tissue of the kidney

Answer 7

parenchyma

Question 8

is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 8

nephron

Question 9

the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a tubular system.

Answer 9

Each nephron is composed of

Question 10

the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubules

Answer 10

tubular system consists of

Question 11

glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, and distal tubule are in the

Answer 11

located cortex of the kidney.

Question 12

loop of Henle and collecting tubules

Answer 12

are in the medulla.

Question 13

merge into a pyramid that empties via the papilla into a minor calyx.

Answer 13

collecting ducts eventually

Question 14

at the level of the twelfth rib, is lower than the left.

Answer 14

right kidney, positioned

Question 15

thin, smooth layer of fibrous membrane called the capsule covers the surface of each kidney

Answer 15

capsule

Question 16

the kidney and serves as a shock absorber if this area is traumatized from a sudden force or strike.

Answer 16

capsule protects

Question 17

on the medial side of the kidney serves as the entry site for the renal artery and nerves and as the exit site for the renal vein and ureter.

Answer 17

hilus

Question 18

outer layer of the parenchyma is the

Answer 18

cortex

Question 19

inner layer is the

Answer 19

medulla.

Question 20

of a number of pyramids

Answer 20

medulla consists

Question 21

minor calyces widen and merge to form major calyces, which form a funnel-shaped sac called the

Answer 21

renal pelvis.

Question 22

urine to the renal pelvis, from there it drains through the ureter to the bladder.

Answer 22

minor and major calyces transport

Question 23

a small volume of urine (3 to 5 mL).

Answer 23

renal pelvis can store

Question 24

is the functional unit of the kidney

Answer 24

nephron

Question 25

afferent arteriole divides into a capillary network, the glomerulus, which is a collection of up to 50 capillaries

Answer 25

glomerulus

Question 26

the outcome of a complex, multistep process of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of water, electrolytes, and metabolic waste products.

Answer 26

Urine formation is

Question 27

to filter the blood and maintain the body’s internal homeostasis.

Answer 27

primary functions of the kidneys are

Question 28

at the glomerulus, where blood is filtered

Answer 28

Urine formation begins

Question 29

a semipermeable membrane that allows filtration

Answer 29

glomerulus is

Question 30

hydrostatic pressure of the blood within the glomerular capillaries causes a portion of blood to be filtered across the semipermeable membrane into Bowman’s capsule.

Answer 30

into Bowman’s capsule.

Question 31

Filtration is more rapid in the glomerulus than in ordinary tissue capillaries because the glomerular membrane is porous.

Answer 31

glomerular membrane is porous.

Question 32

that it lacks blood cells, platelets, and large plasma proteins.

Answer 32

glomerular filtrate is similar in composition to blood except

Question 33

, which allows plasma proteins and blood cells to pass into the urine.

Answer 33

kidney diseases, capillary permeability increases

Question 34

amount of blood filtered each minute by the glomeruli is expressed as the

Answer 34

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Question 35

about 125 mL/min

Answer 35

normal GFR is

Question 36

the glomerular filtrate before it reaches the end of the collecting duct. Therefore only 1 mL/min (on average) is excreted as urine.

Answer 36

peritubular capillary network reabsorbs most of

Question 37

responsible for the reabsorption of essential materials and excretion of nonessential ones

Answer 37

tubules and collecting ducts are

Question 38

is the passage of a substance from the lumen of the tubules through the tubule cells and into the capillaries

Answer 38

Reabsorption

Question 39

passage of a substance from the capillaries through the tubular cells into the lumen of the tubule.

Answer 39

Tubular secretion

Question 40

about 80% of the electrolytes are reabsorbed.

Answer 40

proximal convoluted tubule,

Question 41

includes all glucose, amino acids, and small proteins reabsorbed

Answer 41

proximal convoluted tubule,

Question 42

water is conserved, which is important for concentrating the filtrate.

Answer 42

reabsorption continues in the loop of Henle,

Question 43

is permeable to water and moderately permeable to sodium, urea, and other solutes.

Answer 43

descending loop

Question 44

chloride ions (Cl−) are actively reabsorbed, followed by passive reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+).

Answer 44

ascending limb,

Question 45

About 25% of the filtered sodium is

Answer 45

reabsorbed in the ascending limb.

Question 46

final regulation of water balance and acid-base balance.

Answer 46

Two important functions of the distal convoluted tubules are

Question 47

permeable to water. This allows water to be reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries and eventually returned to the circulation.

Answer 47

ADH makes the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

Question 48

in the anterior hypothalamus detect decreases in plasma osmolality

Answer 48

Osmoreceptors

Question 49

cells have neuronal axons that end in the posterior pituitary gland and act to inhibit secretion of ADH.

Answer 49

superoptic nuclei

Question 50

on the distal tubule to cause reabsorption of Na+ and water.

Answer 50

Aldosterone (released from the adrenal cortex) acts

Question 51

both circulating blood volume and plasma concentrations of Na+ and K+.

Answer 51

secretion of aldosterone is influenced by

Question 52

reabsorbing and conserving most of the bicarbonate (HCO3−) and secreting excess hydrogen ions (H+).

Answer 52

Acid-base regulation involves

Question 53

within a range of 7.35 to 7.45

Answer 53

distal tubule has different ways to keep the pH of ECF

Question 54

, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), in response to atrial distention from an increase in plasma volume.

Answer 54

Myocyte cells in the right atrium secrete a hormone

Question 55

the kidneys to increase sodium excretion

Answer 55

ANP acts on

Question 56

the adrenal glands, thereby suppressing aldosterone secretion

Answer 56

ANP inhibits renin, ADH, and the action of angiotensin II on

Question 57

the production of a large volume of dilute urine. ANP also causes relaxation of the afferent arteriole, thus increasing the GFR.

Answer 57

combined effects of ANP result in

Question 58

in response to low serum calcium levels.

Answer 58

parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 59

serum calcium levels by causing increased tubular reabsorption of calcium ions (Ca2+) and decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate ions (PO42−)

Answer 59

PTH maintains

Question 60

will have a deficiency of the active metabolite of vitamin D and problems with calcium and phosphate balance

Answer 60

patient with kidney failure (also called renal failure)

Question 61

in calcium balance

Answer 61

renal tubules are also involved

Question 62

in response to low serum calcium levels.

Answer 62

parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 63

serum calcium levels by causing increased tubular reabsorption of calcium ions (Ca2+) and decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate ions (PO42−).

Answer 63

PTH maintains

Question 64

cleanse blood plasma of unnecessary substances.

Answer 64

basic function of nephrons is to

Question 65

the unwanted from the wanted portions of tubular fluid.

Answer 65

After the glomerulus has filtered the blood, the tubules select

Question 66

is a hormone made in the kidneys and secreted in response to hypoxia and decreased renal blood flow

Answer 66

Erythropoietin

Question 67

the bone marrow.

Answer 67

Erythropoietin stimulates RBC production in

Question 68

kidney failure, leading to anemia.

Answer 68

deficiency of erythropoietin occurs in

Question 69

is made and secreted by the kidney’s juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 69

Renin

Question 70

decreased renal perfusion, decreased arterial BP, decreased ECF, decreased serum Na+ concentration, and increased urinary Na+ concentration.

Answer 70

Renin is released into the bloodstream in response to

Question 71

a contributing factor in causing hypertension

Answer 71

Excessive renin production caused by impaired renal perfusion may be

Question 72

(mainly PGE2 and PGI2) occurs primarily in the medulla.

Answer 72

kidney, PG synthesis

Question 73

increasing renal blood flow and promoting Na+ excretion.

Answer 73

PGs have a vasodilating action, thus

Question 74

the vasoconstrictive effect of substances such as angiotensin and norepinephrine.

Answer 74

PGs counteract

Question 75

bowel preparations, such as magnesium citrate and Fleet enema, because the kidneys cannot excrete the magnesium

Answer 75

Patients with kidney failure should not receive some

Question 76

contrast-induced kidney injury (CIN) and allergic reactions.

Answer 76

Iodine-based contrast media used in some diagnostic studies may cause