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adn semester 2 > Ch 44 Assessment Of Urinary System > Flashcards

Ch 44 Assessment Of Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

2 kidneys and 2 ureters.

A

upper urinary system consists of

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2
Q

a urinary bladder and urethra

A

lower urinary system consists of

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3
Q

the kidneys, drains through the ureters to be stored in the bladder, and then passes out of the body through the urethra.

A

Urine is formed in

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4
Q

(1) regulate the volume and composition of extracellular fluid (ECF) and (2) excrete waste products from the body. The kidneys also function to control BP, make erythropoietin, activate vitamin D, and regulate acid-base balance.

A

primary functions of the kidneys are to

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5
Q

the kidney and serves as a shock absorber if this area is traumatized from a sudden force or strike.

A

capsule protects

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6
Q

on the medial side of the kidney serves as the entry site for the renal artery and nerves and as the exit site for the renal vein and ureter.

A

The hilus

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7
Q

is the actual tissue of the kidney

A

parenchyma

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8
Q

is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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9
Q

the glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, and a tubular system.

A

Each nephron is composed of

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10
Q

the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting tubules

A

tubular system consists of

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11
Q

glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule, proximal tubule, and distal tubule are in the

A

located cortex of the kidney.

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12
Q

loop of Henle and collecting tubules

A

are in the medulla.

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13
Q

merge into a pyramid that empties via the papilla into a minor calyx.

A

collecting ducts eventually

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14
Q

at the level of the twelfth rib, is lower than the left.

A

right kidney, positioned

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15
Q

thin, smooth layer of fibrous membrane called the capsule covers the surface of each kidney

A

capsule

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16
Q

the kidney and serves as a shock absorber if this area is traumatized from a sudden force or strike.

A

capsule protects

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17
Q

on the medial side of the kidney serves as the entry site for the renal artery and nerves and as the exit site for the renal vein and ureter.

A

hilus

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18
Q

outer layer of the parenchyma is the

A

cortex

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19
Q

inner layer is the

A

medulla.

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20
Q

of a number of pyramids

A

medulla consists

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21
Q

minor calyces widen and merge to form major calyces, which form a funnel-shaped sac called the

A

renal pelvis.

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22
Q

urine to the renal pelvis, from there it drains through the ureter to the bladder.

A

minor and major calyces transport

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23
Q

a small volume of urine (3 to 5 mL).

A

renal pelvis can store

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24
Q

is the functional unit of the kidney

A

nephron

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25
Q

afferent arteriole divides into a capillary network, the glomerulus, which is a collection of up to 50 capillaries

A

glomerulus

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26
Q

the outcome of a complex, multistep process of filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion of water, electrolytes, and metabolic waste products.

A

Urine formation is

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27
Q

to filter the blood and maintain the body’s internal homeostasis.

A

primary functions of the kidneys are

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28
Q

at the glomerulus, where blood is filtered

A

Urine formation begins

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29
Q

a semipermeable membrane that allows filtration

A

glomerulus is

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30
Q

hydrostatic pressure of the blood within the glomerular capillaries causes a portion of blood to be filtered across the semipermeable membrane into Bowman’s capsule.

A

into Bowman’s capsule.

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31
Q

Filtration is more rapid in the glomerulus than in ordinary tissue capillaries because the glomerular membrane is porous.

A

glomerular membrane is porous.

32
Q

that it lacks blood cells, platelets, and large plasma proteins.

A

glomerular filtrate is similar in composition to blood except

33
Q

, which allows plasma proteins and blood cells to pass into the urine.

A

kidney diseases, capillary permeability increases

34
Q

amount of blood filtered each minute by the glomeruli is expressed as the

A

glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

35
Q

about 125 mL/min

A

normal GFR is

36
Q

the glomerular filtrate before it reaches the end of the collecting duct. Therefore only 1 mL/min (on average) is excreted as urine.

A

peritubular capillary network reabsorbs most of

37
Q

responsible for the reabsorption of essential materials and excretion of nonessential ones

A

tubules and collecting ducts are

38
Q

is the passage of a substance from the lumen of the tubules through the tubule cells and into the capillaries

A

Reabsorption

39
Q

passage of a substance from the capillaries through the tubular cells into the lumen of the tubule.

A

Tubular secretion

40
Q

about 80% of the electrolytes are reabsorbed.

A

proximal convoluted tubule,

41
Q

includes all glucose, amino acids, and small proteins reabsorbed

A

proximal convoluted tubule,

42
Q

water is conserved, which is important for concentrating the filtrate.

A

reabsorption continues in the loop of Henle,

43
Q

is permeable to water and moderately permeable to sodium, urea, and other solutes.

A

descending loop

44
Q

chloride ions (Cl−) are actively reabsorbed, followed by passive reabsorption of sodium ions (Na+).

A

ascending limb,

45
Q

About 25% of the filtered sodium is

A

reabsorbed in the ascending limb.

46
Q

final regulation of water balance and acid-base balance.

A

Two important functions of the distal convoluted tubules are

47
Q

permeable to water. This allows water to be reabsorbed into the peritubular capillaries and eventually returned to the circulation.

A

ADH makes the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts

48
Q

in the anterior hypothalamus detect decreases in plasma osmolality

A

Osmoreceptors

49
Q

cells have neuronal axons that end in the posterior pituitary gland and act to inhibit secretion of ADH.

A

superoptic nuclei

50
Q

on the distal tubule to cause reabsorption of Na+ and water.

A

Aldosterone (released from the adrenal cortex) acts

51
Q

both circulating blood volume and plasma concentrations of Na+ and K+.

A

secretion of aldosterone is influenced by

52
Q

reabsorbing and conserving most of the bicarbonate (HCO3−) and secreting excess hydrogen ions (H+).

A

Acid-base regulation involves

53
Q

within a range of 7.35 to 7.45

A

distal tubule has different ways to keep the pH of ECF

54
Q

, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), in response to atrial distention from an increase in plasma volume.

A

Myocyte cells in the right atrium secrete a hormone

55
Q

the kidneys to increase sodium excretion

A

ANP acts on

56
Q

the adrenal glands, thereby suppressing aldosterone secretion

A

ANP inhibits renin, ADH, and the action of angiotensin II on

57
Q

the production of a large volume of dilute urine. ANP also causes relaxation of the afferent arteriole, thus increasing the GFR.

A

combined effects of ANP result in

58
Q

in response to low serum calcium levels.

A

parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)

59
Q

serum calcium levels by causing increased tubular reabsorption of calcium ions (Ca2+) and decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate ions (PO42−)

A

PTH maintains

60
Q

will have a deficiency of the active metabolite of vitamin D and problems with calcium and phosphate balance

A

patient with kidney failure (also called renal failure)

61
Q

in calcium balance

A

renal tubules are also involved

62
Q

in response to low serum calcium levels.

A

parathyroid gland releases parathyroid hormone (PTH)

63
Q

serum calcium levels by causing increased tubular reabsorption of calcium ions (Ca2+) and decreased tubular reabsorption of phosphate ions (PO42−).

A

PTH maintains

64
Q

cleanse blood plasma of unnecessary substances.

A

basic function of nephrons is to

65
Q

the unwanted from the wanted portions of tubular fluid.

A

After the glomerulus has filtered the blood, the tubules select

66
Q

is a hormone made in the kidneys and secreted in response to hypoxia and decreased renal blood flow

A

Erythropoietin

67
Q

the bone marrow.

A

Erythropoietin stimulates RBC production in

68
Q

kidney failure, leading to anemia.

A

deficiency of erythropoietin occurs in

69
Q

is made and secreted by the kidney’s juxtaglomerular cells

A

Renin

70
Q

decreased renal perfusion, decreased arterial BP, decreased ECF, decreased serum Na+ concentration, and increased urinary Na+ concentration.

A

Renin is released into the bloodstream in response to

71
Q

a contributing factor in causing hypertension

A

Excessive renin production caused by impaired renal perfusion may be

72
Q

(mainly PGE2 and PGI2) occurs primarily in the medulla.

A

kidney, PG synthesis

73
Q

increasing renal blood flow and promoting Na+ excretion.

A

PGs have a vasodilating action, thus

74
Q

the vasoconstrictive effect of substances such as angiotensin and norepinephrine.

A

PGs counteract

75
Q

bowel preparations, such as magnesium citrate and Fleet enema, because the kidneys cannot excrete the magnesium

A

Patients with kidney failure should not receive some

76
Q

contrast-induced kidney injury (CIN) and allergic reactions.

A

Iodine-based contrast media used in some diagnostic studies may cause

adn semester 2 (19 decks)

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