Cardiovascular disease

Question 1

What is CVD?

Answer 1

a collection of diseases of heart and blood vessels
- heart disease and stroke

Question 2

What place in the leading cause of death is CVD in Canada?

Answer 2

2nd leading cause of death in Canada

Question 3

Why are the mortality rates declining?

Answer 3

• understanding, and management of risk factors
• advances in diagnostic procedures
• better emergency medical assistance programs

Question 4

What is the cardiovascular system made of

Answer 4

heart and blood vessels

Question 5

roles of the cardiovascular system

Answer 5

1. transport O2, nutrients, hormones, and enzymes to tissues, remove waste products
2. regulates body temperature, fluid balance, pH
3. protects body from infection

Question 6

What is in the cardiorespiratory system?

Answer 6

heart, lungs, blood vessels

Question 7

how much does a heart weigh?

Answer 7

200-425g

Question 8

how many heartbeats?

Answer 8

2.5biliion beats

Question 9

what is the pericardium

Answer 9

sac surrounding the heart?

Question 10

how many chambers of the heart?

Answer 10

4

Question 11

what are the chambers of the heart separated by

Answer 11

valved- regulate flow of blood

Question 12

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Answer 12

Pacemaker- electrical signal for contraction of right atrium

Question 13

Arteries

Answer 13

carry blood away from the heart
- branch into smaller blood vessels (arterioles)

Question 14

Veins

Answer 14

carry blood back to the heart
- branch into smaller vessels (venules)

Question 15

Capillaries

Answer 15

very small blood vessels
- connect the arterial and venous sub-circulation
- passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste between blood and parts of your body

Question 16

Coronary blood supply

Answer 16

right and left coronary arteries
- supply blood to the heart muscle -myocardium

Question 17

Cardiac veins

Answer 17

removal of deoxygenated blood

Question 18

Atherosclerosis

Answer 18

• narrowing/hardening of the arteries, fatty substances (plaque) in the lining of artery
• arteries lose elasticity and narrow
  - impedes blood flow-partial or full blockage

Question 19

how does atherosclerosis begin

Answer 19

with damage to lining of the blood vessels

Question 20

atherosclerosis: minor blockage?

Answer 20

blood nay re-route through small unused blood vessels - collateral circulation

Question 21

what could atherosclerosis lead to?

Answer 21

• coronary heart disease
• carotid artery disease (reduce blood flow to brain)
• peripheral artery disease (pelvis, arms, legs)

Question 22

restricted blood flow of CHD/CAD

Answer 22

75%

Question 23

Myocardial (MI)

Answer 23

heart attack

Question 24

thrombosis

Answer 24

blood clot in coronary artery

Question 25

heart attack warning signs

Answer 25

Chest discomfort – pain/pressure Radiating - neck, shoulders, arms, chin Shortness of breath sweating, nausea lightheadedness

Question 26

stroke

Answer 26

cerebrovascular - sudden loss of brain function

Question 27

what are strokes caused by

Answer 27

thrombus(blood clot) or embolus - disrupts blood flow to brain

Question 28

aneurysm

Answer 28

weakend blood vessel

Question 29

hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 29

rupture of blood vessel in the brain

Question 30

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Answer 30

mini-stroke - temporary decrease in blood flow to the brain

Question 31

Atrial fibrillation

Answer 31

- condition involving irregular heart rhythm (arrhythmia) - tachycardia vs bradycardia

Question 32

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 32

disease of heart muscle- decrease ability to pump

Question 33

Congenital heart disease

Answer 33

defect in the heart or blood vessels near the heart at birth

Question 34

congestive heart failure

Answer 34

- heart disease heart is damaged or weakened - decreased pumping action- backup of fluid in lungs, extremities

Question 35

modifiable CVD risks

Answer 35

High blood pressure high blood cholesterol smoking physical activity overweight, obesity stress diabetes excessive alcohol intake

Question 36

non modifiable CVD risks

Answer 36

age , gender, family history ethnicity, previous CVD event

Question 37

hypertension

Answer 37

chronic elevated BP > 140/90 mmHg > 130-139/85-89 = high normal

Question 38

Systolic BP (upper valve)

Answer 38

pressure exerted against walls of arteries- heart is contracting

Question 39

Diastolic

Answer 39

pressure exerted against walls of arteries- heart is relaxed

Question 40

ECG - electrocardiogram

Answer 40

records electrical signals of heart

Question 41

Holter monitor

Answer 41

24 hour heart rate, rhythm

Question 42

Ultrasound

Answer 42

echocardiogram, - high-frequency sound wave - creates image of heart and sound waves

Question 43

PET

Answer 43

position emission tomography

Question 44

CT

Answer 44

computed tomography

Question 45

MRI

Answer 45

magnetic resonance imaging

Question 46

Serum analysis

Answer 46

Lipid profiles, C-reactive protein Homocysteine cardiac enzyme

Question 47

angiogram

Answer 47

cardio catheterization - catheter threaded from groin to heart - detects blockages, stenosis, wekaned valves

Question 48

CVD drug therapy

Answer 48

reduce BP/ blood lipids (beta blockers/statins) decrease & regulate heart beat (digoxin) relieve angina (nitrates) prevent or dissolve blood clots (anticoagulants)

Question 49

angioplasty

Answer 49

balloon on tip of cardiac catheter inflated to compress fatty deposits opens artery - increase blood flow

Question 50

PCI

Answer 50

percutaneous coronary intervention - angioplasty with a stent

Question 51

pacemaker

Answer 51

surgical implantation of device - regulates heart rate and rythym

Question 52

thrombolysis

Answer 52

eperfusion therapy immediate treatment for blocked artery injection of medication (tPA) to dissolve blood clot

Question 53

Coronary bypass

Answer 53

section of blocked artery replaced with healthy blood vessel from the patient’s leg, arm or chest - increase blood flow to heart muscle

Question 54

Valve replacement

Answer 54

damaged or poorly functioning valves replaced repair or minimally invasive procedures

Question 55

Heart transplant

Answer 55

heart replaced with a heart donor extended recovery, immunosuppressive therapy