Cardiovascular Disease and Metabolic Syndrome

Question 0

Which dietary factors increase LDL-C?

Answer 0

Saturated fat
Cholesterol
Trans fatty acids

Question 1

What is the most atherogenic lipoprotein?

Answer 1

LDL-C

Question 2

What is the criteria for metabolic syndrome

Answer 2

Any three of these 5 criteria

Abdominal obesity - men >40, women > 35 in
Triglycerides > 150 Mg/dL
HDL Cholesterol - men 130/ > 85 mm Hg
Fasting glucose > 100 mg/dl

Question 3

Food sources for dietary cholesterol

Answer 3

Eggs and egg mixed dishes
Chicken and chicken mixed dishes
Beef and beef mixed dishes

There is no cholesterol in plants

Question 4

Dietary sources of SFA

Answer 4

Regular cheese
Pizza
Grain-based desserts 
Dairy desserts
Chicken 
Sausage, franks, bacon, ribs
Burgers
Tortillas, burritos, tacos
Beef

Question 6

Dietary sources of TFA

Answer 6

Cakes, cookies, crackers, pies, bread
Animal products
Stick margarine
Fried potatoes, potato chips, corn chips, popcorn

Question 7

How does fish oil affect triglycerides?

Answer 7

omega 3 from Fish oil (marine derived PUFA) lowers triglycerides at high doses

Question 8

How do low fat diets affects lipids and lipoproteins?

Answer 8

low fat diets less than 25% kcal raise triglycerides and lower HDL-C

Diets high in dietary fiber >20 g/d and complex CHO can prevent or attenuate the response

Question 9

What other dietary factors lower triglycerides?

Answer 9

weight loss
mediterranean style diet
decreased carbohydrates
no trans fats

Question 10

How does PUFA effect LDL-C?

Answer 10

If replacing CHO then LDL-C is lowered and HDL-C is raised

If replacing SFA then LDL is lowered and HDL-C also decreases

Question 11

How do sterols/stanols and viscous fiber effect LDL-C?

Answer 11

Sterols/stanols compete with cholesterol for absorption from intestine into the blood - lowers serum LDL

Viscous (soluble fiber) - lowers plasma cholesterol, enhances LDL lowering

Question 12

strategies for improving dietary adherence

Answer 12

Simplify the medication regimens

Provide explixit patient instruction and use gppd counseling techniques to teach the patient how to follow the prescribed treatment

Encourage the use of prompts to help patients remember treatment regimens

Teach monitoring strategies

Use systems to reinforce adherence and maintain contact with the patient

Question 13

What factors are considered for calculating ASCVD risk?

Answer 13

The factors that are considered are 
race 
systolic blood pressure
total cholesterol
age
treatment for hypertension diabetes
HDL cholesterol
gender

Question 14

What is the Predimed study and what did it find?

Answer 14

Participants at high CVD risk with no CVD were assigned to a mediterranean diet with extra virgin olive oil, a mediterranean diet supplemented with mixed nuts (walnuts, almonds and hazelnuts) and a control diet (advised to reduce dietary fat)

The med diet +nuts and the med diet + olive oil had less incidence of stroke and death than the control

Olive oil has less mortality rate across 5 years and nuts had less strokes

Question 15

How to decrease the total fat content in the diet?

Answer 15

Replace higher fat milk with lower fat
Replace high fat meats with medium fat exchanges
Lean meat exchanges replace higher fat ones
Use fat modified dressing, sauces and spreads
Use fat modified food (yogurt, crackers, processed meats)

Question 16

What are modifiable risk factors?

Answer 16

Smoking
Alcohol consumption
Diet
Body weight
Inactivity
High salt intake

Question 17

What are non modifiable risk factors?

Answer 17

Age
Gender
Race
Family history