Cardiovascular Disorders

Question 1

Which valves are open and which are closed in S1?

Answer 1

AV valves are closed; semilunar valves are open

Question 2

Which abnormal heart sound may be heard with increased fluid volume?

Answer 2

S3

Question 3

Which abnormal heart sound may be heard with a stiff ventricular wall?

Answer 3

S4

Question 4

What is the difference between a grade 3 and 4 murmur?

Answer 4

Grade 4 has a thrill and grade 3 does not

Question 5

What type of murmur does mitral stenosis cause?

Answer 5

Loud S1 murmur

Question 6

What type of murmur does mitral regurgitation cause?

Answer 6

Systolic murmur

Question 7

What type of murmur does aortic stenosis cause?

Answer 7

Systolic, 2nd R ICS

Question 8

What type of murmur does aortic regurg cause?

Answer 8

Diastolic, 2nd L ICS

Question 9

Where does a mitral regurg murmur radiate?

Answer 9

To base or L axilla

Question 10

Which murmur radiates to neck?

Answer 10

Aortic stenosis

Question 11

What two murmurs are diastolic?

Answer 11

Mitral stenosis and aortic regurg

Question 12

What two murmurs are systolic?

Answer 12

Mitral regurg and aortic stenosis

Question 13

A murmur heard at the 5th ICS is coming from which valve?

Answer 13

Mitral

Question 14

A murmur heard at the 2nd or 3rd ICS is coming from which valve?

Answer 14

Aortic

Question 15

Which type of HF causes pulmonary sx?

Answer 15

Acute (left-sided) HF

Question 16

What causes dependent edema in R sided HF?

Answer 16

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 17

JVD, hepatomegaly and dependent edema are signs of HF on what side?

Answer 17

R side

Question 18

A pt who needs to sleep with three pillows would be what NYHA Functional Class of HF?

Answer 18

Class 3

Question 19

What is the number one med class for standard of care in HF pts?

Answer 19

ACE inhibitors

Question 20

What will you see in the eye with HTN?

Answer 20

AV nicking

Question 21

What is considered normal BP?

Answer 21

Less than 120 SBP AND less than 80 DBP

Question 22

What is considered Stage 1 HTN?

Answer 22

130-139 OR 80-89

Question 23

What is considered Stage 2 HTN?

Answer 23

Greater than or equal to 140 SBP OR greater than or equal to 90 DBP

Question 24

What is the goal BP for every pt?

Answer 24

Less than 130 SBP and less than 80 DBP

Question 25

A diabetic pt with HTN should be on what class of med?

Answer 25

ACE inhibitor or ARB

Question 26

What class of med is first choice in treating a non African-American pt w/HTN?

Answer 26

Thiazide diuretic

Question 27

What class of med is first choice in treating an African-American pt w/HTN?

Answer 27

Thiazide diuretic

Question 28

What is BP in hypertensive urgency?

Answer 28

Equal to or greater than 180/110

Question 29

How to treat hypertensive urgency?

Answer 29

Oral agent such as clonidine

Question 30

What is BP in hypertensive emergency?

Answer 30

Equal to or greater than 180/120

Question 31

What type of angina is caused by vasospasm?

Answer 31

Prinzmetal's angina

Question 32

What will Prinzmetal's angina show on an EKG?

Answer 32

ST elevation

Question 33

How is Prinzmetal's angina tx?

Answer 33

Calcium channel blockers

Question 34

What is Levine's sign seen in?

Answer 34

Angina

Question 35

What will likely be seen on an EKG with angina?

Answer 35

ST depression

Question 36

Total cholesterol should be below what?

Answer 36

200

Question 37

Very low density lipoproteins should be below what?

Answer 37

150

Question 38

LDL should be below what?

Answer 38

100

Question 39

HDL should be above what?

Answer 39

40

Question 40

What three classes of meds are used to treat angina?

Answer 40

Nitrates, beta blockers and calcium channel blockers

Question 41

What are the two most common causes of sudden cardiac death?

Answer 41

Coronary artery disease and cardiomyopathies

Question 42

Lateral MI has ST elevation in which leads?

Answer 42

I, aVL

Question 43

Inferior MI has ST elevation in which leads?

Answer 43

II, III, aVF

Question 44

Anterior MI has ST elevation in which leads?

Answer 44

V leads (esp. V3 and V4)

Question 45

What occurs in a 1st degree AV block?

Answer 45

PR interval > 0.2 seconds

Question 46

What type of heart block has a gradually increasing PR interval until a QRS complex is dropped?

Answer 46

Type 1 second-degree AV block

Question 47

What type of heart block has an irregular ventricular rhythm with dropped QRS complexes?

Answer 47

Type 2 second-degree AV block

Question 48

Why are ACE inhibitors used after MI?

Answer 48

To help prevent ventricular remodeling

Question 49

What is a therapeutic INR for someone on coumadin?

Answer 49

2-3

Question 50

BP of greater than or equal to what is a contraindication for tPA?

Answer 50

185/110

Question 51

Shiny hairless skin is seen in what?

Answer 51

PVD

Question 52

In PVD, the lower extremities are red in what position?

Answer 52

Dependent position

Question 53

How is PVD diagnosed?

Answer 53

With an ankle-brachial index

Question 54

Claudication is caused by what?

Answer 54

PVD

Question 55

Aching of lower extremities that is relieved by elevation is a sign of what?

Answer 55

Chronic venous insufficiency

Question 56

Which syndrome can mimic chronic venous insufficiency?

Answer 56

May-Thurner syndrome

Question 57

What is May-Thurner syndrome?

Answer 57

Compression of left common iliac vein by right common iliac artery

Question 58

What is the most common cause of pericarditis?

Answer 58

Viruses

Question 59

Pain in pericarditis is relieved by what?

Answer 59

Sitting forward

Question 60

Friction rub is characteristic of what?

Answer 60

Pericarditis

Question 61

What is seen on an EKG in pericarditis?

Answer 61

Diffuse ST elevation w/ depression of PR segment

Question 62

What is the mainstay of tx for pericarditis?

Answer 62

NSAIDs

Question 63

What is a major complication of pericarditis?

Answer 63

Tamponade

Question 64

Endocarditis should be suspected in all patients with what 2 things?

Answer 64

A fever of unknown origin and a heart murmur

Question 65

Endocarditis causes what unique sx?

Answer 65

Night sweats

Question 66

How is acute endocarditis tx?

Answer 66

Vancomycin