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ATR 540 Pathology of Injury and Illness > Cardiovascular Disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What three components make up the cardiovascular system?

A

Pulmonary circulation
Coronary circulation
Systemic circulation

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2
Q

_____ describes the flow of blood to and from the lungs.

A

Pulmonary circulation

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3
Q

_____ describes the flow blood to and from all other organs and the extremities.

A

Systemic circulation

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4
Q

_____ describes the flow of blood to and from the working heart muscle (myocardium).

A

Coronary

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5
Q

_____ is a lubricated sac of connective tissue that encloses the heart.

A

Endocardium

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6
Q

_____ is the connective tissue attaching the endocardium to the thorax.

A

Pericardium

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7
Q

Deoxygenated blood enters the hear through its _____ side.

A

Right

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8
Q

The _____ valve is between the right atrium and right ventricle.

A

tricuspid

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9
Q

The _____ valve is between left atrium and left ventricle.

A

Mitral (Bicuspid)

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10
Q

What are the names to the two semilunar valves?

A

Aortic

Pulmonary

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11
Q

Select all that apply:

During diastole the chambers (fill/contract/expel)

A

Fill

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12
Q

Select all that apply:

During systole the chambers (fill/contract/expel)

A

Contract and expel

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13
Q

What is the opening and closing of valves controlled by?

A

Pressure changes

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14
Q

The “lubb” heart sound refers to the closure of the _____ valves.

A

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

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15
Q

The “dupp” heart sound refers to the closure of the _____ valves.

A

Semilunar valves

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16
Q

What is the “pacemaker” of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial (SA) node

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17
Q

List the steps in which conduction of the heart takes place.

A

SA node –> AV node –> AV Bundle “Bundle of His” –> Bundle branches –> Purkinje fibers

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18
Q

_____ is where gas exchange takes place.

A

Capillaries

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19
Q

_____ carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries

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20
Q

_____ constrict or relax to regulate blood flow..

A

Arterioles

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21
Q

The _____ regulates flow into tissues.

A

Precapillary sphincter

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22
Q

_____ carry blood back to the heart.

A

Veins

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23
Q

_____ are smaller forms of veins.

A

Venules

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24
Q

List some functions of blood.

A

Gas, nutrient and waste transport
Temperature regulation
Acid-base regulation

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25
Q

How many liters of blood are in a male and female body?

A

5-6 liters in men and 4-5 liters in women

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26
Q

What is blood made up of?

A

55-60% is plasma (water, proteins and other formed elements

40-45% is RBC (99%), WBC and platelets (1%)

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27
Q

What is the function of RBCs?

A

Carry oxygen

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28
Q

What is the function of WBCs?

A

Immune response

Phagocytosis

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29
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Clotting

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30
Q

Describe the range for normal blood pressure.

A
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31
Q

Describe the range for prehypertension blood pressure.

A

120-139/80-89

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32
Q

Describe the range for Stage I hypertension blood pressure.

A

140-159/90-99

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33
Q

Describe the range for Stage II hypertension blood pressure.

A

> 160/>100

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34
Q

This component of an electrocardiograph (ECG) represents ventricular repolarization.

A

T wave

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35
Q

This component of an electrocardiograph (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization.

A

QRS complex

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36
Q

This component of an electrocardiograph (ECG) represents atrial depolorization.

A

P-wave

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37
Q

_____ are irregular heart rhythms

A

Arrythmias

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38
Q

Define bradycardia.

A

Slow heart rate;

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39
Q

Define tachycardia

A

Fast heart rate; >100bpm

40
Q

Define PVC

A

Premature ventricular contractions; skipped or extra beat

41
Q

TRUE or FALSE

History of SCD under age 40 in immediate family may indicate an inheritable cardiac condition

A

TRUE

42
Q

What are the three categories of pre-participation physical exam?

A

Family History
Personal History
Physical exam

43
Q

What are two components of family history worth noting during a PPE?

A

(1) premature death of relative

(2) relative under the age of 50 diagnosed with heart disease or cardiac condition

44
Q

What are the components of personal history?

A 
Heart murmur
Hypertension
Unusual Fatigue
Exertional syncope (fainting)
Excessive exertional dyspnea
Exertional chest pain
45
Q

What are the components of the physical exam category?

A 
Resting HR
BP
Ascultation of heart (supine and standing)
Assessment of femoral pulses
Observation for signs of Marfan Syndrome
46
Q

A personal history of these things increases the risk of cardiovascular pathology.

A 
Physical inactivity
High blood lipids
Diabetes
Marfan syndrom
Obesity
Hypertension
Smoking
Connective tissue disorders
47
Q

Agina

A

Chest pain

48
Q

Dyspnea

A

Shortness of breath

49
Q

Cardiac pain refers pain to what parts of the body?

A

Left jaw, shoulder, arm

50
Q

Fainting

A

Syncope

51
Q

Diaphoresis

A

Sweating

52
Q

What is the correct action to take when the following is present:

Unexplained syncope, palpitations, or dyspnea, particularly with chest pain or during exertion

A

Referral for medical examination

53
Q

The following signs and symptoms are indicative of what pathology?

Ceripheral edema
clubbing of fingertips and nails
Fatigue
Shortness of breath 
Claudication (muscular ischemia leading to cramping, aching, and unusual fatigue in the affected limb)
A

Chronic cardiac pathology

54
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Symptoms for a vascular pathology typically worsen with exertion and are relieved by rest.

A

TRUE

55
Q

List some general signs and symptoms for vascular pathology.

A 
Cramping
Heaviness
Weakness
Swelling
Pulsing
Fatigue
Cold or cyanotic extremities
56
Q

List at least specific physical characteristics for someone with Marfan’s Syndrome.

A 
Arm span longer than height
Tall thin body
Thumb overlaps 5th digit when wrapping the fingers around the wrist
Sternum deformity
Hyperlaxity in joints
Visual problems
Thoracic spine kyphosis
Disproportionate long legs
57
Q

Your patient has more than three physical characteristics associated with Marfan’s syndrome. What should you do?

A

Refer for cardiac screening

58
Q

What is the normal respiration rate for an adult?

A

14-20 breaths/min

59
Q

Rapid respiration over 20 breaths/min.

A

Tachypnea

60
Q

Name the atrioventricular valves.

A

Tricuspid

Bicuspid (mitral)

61
Q

Name the semilunar valves.

A

Aortic

Pulmonary

62
Q

What is the leading cause of sudden death in young competitive athletes?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

63
Q

General cardiac hypertrophy is also referred to as _____.

A

“Athlete’s heart”

64
Q

What is Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)?

A

Asymmetrical enlargement of the left ventricular cavity.

65
Q

Your patient presents with a systolic murmur that decreases in intensity when she is placed supine. What is this indicative of?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)

66
Q

Know the differences between an “athlete’s heart” and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM).

A 
HCM:
Unusual patterns of LV hypertrophy
LV Cavity  55mm
Left Atrial Enlargement
Bizarre EKG Patterns
Decreased thickness with deconditioning
VO2Max >45 ml/kg/min
67
Q

Acute right-sided heart failure that occurs due to pulmonary disease

A

Cor pulmonade

68
Q

_____ occurs when the myocardium does not receive enough oxygen, resulting in agina, fatigue, dyspnea, dizziness, syncope, and rapid change in vitals.

A

Myocardial Ischemia

69
Q

Disorder of RV where myocardium is replaced by adipose and/or fibrous tissue.

A

Arrythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC)

70
Q

Acute inflammation of the myocardium caused usually by viral infection or with use of cocaine.

A

Myocarditis

71
Q

Which valve is most commonly affected?

A

Mitral valve

72
Q

Accessory conduction pathway conducts more rapidly than the AV node, and the result is that one of the ventricles depolarizes just slightly before the other

A

Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome

73
Q

Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia (PSVT)

A

A defect in the discharge pattern of the SA node, atria, or AV node that causes a drastic increase in heart rate.

74
Q

How can a patient interrupt a long PSVT attack?

A

Perform a Valsava maneuver or a strong cough

75
Q

A person who is hypertensive will present with a blood pressure of _____ mmHg.

A

140-90

76
Q

Which of the following is not a common medication used to treat hypertension:

ACE inhibitors 
Corticosteroids
Diuretics 
Ca++ channel blockers 
β-blockers
A

Corticosteroids

77
Q

List some risk factors associated with anemia.

A

malnutrition
chronic disease
intense physical training (destroys RBC)
prolonged use of analgesics (impairs RBC formation)
family history
heavy menstruation (depletes RBC)
medical treatments (chemotherapy and radiation)

78
Q

_____ is a decreased red blood cell volume.

A

Anemia

79
Q

How would a patient that is anemic commonly present?

A 
fatigue
weakness 
pale skin, including decreased pinkness of your lips, gums, lining of your eyelids, nail beds and palms 
a rapid heartbeat 
shortness of breath 
swollen tongue
spooning of nails 
numbness or coldness in your hands and feet 
impaired attention
headache
80
Q

Who is at greater risk to have sickle cell disease?

A

African Americans

81
Q

Explain what happens with someone sickle cell disease.

A

After high physical exertion or with heat illness the red blood cells take on a moon shape that causes them to clot easily, break apart and decrease oxygen delivery.

82
Q

Inherited blood disorder associated with a deficiency in clotting factor

A

Hemophilia

83
Q

What type of sports are contraindicated for someone with hemophilia?

A

Contact sports

84
Q

List some common sites of occlusion syndromes.

A

Subclavian artery
Axillary artery
Popliteal artery
Femoral artery

85
Q

What are the “five P’s” that acute arterial occlusion produce?

A 
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paresthesia
Paralysis distal to the occlusion
86
Q

Clot formed by the pooling of blood in large veins.

A

Thrombus

87
Q

Thrombosis

A

Presence of a thrombus in a vein

88
Q

Venous swelling

A

Thrombophlebitis

89
Q

A thrombus that has broken free and is moving through the circulation.

A

Embolus or embolism

90
Q

Patient is presenting with the following signs and symptoms. What may this be indicative of?

Severe calf tenderness
Distended veins
Distal edema
Pain with passive DF

A

Deep Vein Thrombosis

91
Q

What is a positive Homan’s Sign?

A

Pain with passive dorsiflexion

92
Q

An excessive localized enlargement of an artery caused by a weakening of the artery wall.

A

Aneurysm

93
Q

Where is pain located with a sinus headache?

A

behind brow bone and/or cheek bone

94
Q

Where is pain located with a cluster headache?

A

in and around one eye

95
Q

Describe pain with tension headache?

A

Like a band squeezing the head

96
Q

Migraines typically present with which of the following:

Pain
Nausea
Visual changes

A

All are correct

97
Q

The recurrence of the headache across several days followed by a long period with no headache is a defining characteristic of a _____ headache.

A

cluster

ATR 540 Pathology of Injury and Illness (8 decks)

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