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atr 540 pathology of injury and illness > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Regulation fluid, chemical, and energy balance in the cells, tissues, organs, and systems

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2
Q

Cellular mechanisms of disease and their functional systemic consequences

A

Pathophysiology

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3
Q

List ways in which cells can be damaged.

A

Physical trauma Toxins Infection Genetic abnormalities Malnutrition Dehydration Hypoxia, or combinations

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4
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Atrophy is caused by an increase in metabolic or physical demands.

A

FALSE: Due to decreased metabolic demands.

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5
Q

List some factors that may result in hyperplasia.

A

Genetic abnormalities

Hormonal imbalances

Chronic increased metabolic demands

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6
Q

_____ is the replacement of cells of one type with another type.

A

Metaplasia

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7
Q

Give an example of metaplasia.

A

Scar tissue

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8
Q

Dysplasia

A

_____ is an abnormal cell type; increasing rate of division or cell number caused by chronic irritation or malfunction of DNA

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9
Q

_____ is a malignant dysplasia where there is rapid proliferation of undifferentiated nonspecific cell types.

A

Cancer

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10
Q

When cell resources cannot meet the metabolic demands of the cell _____ occurs.

A

necrosis

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11
Q

Regeneration

A

Replacing damaged/injured tissue with normal tissue.

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12
Q

_____ is a process where functional cells are replaced by connective tissue.

A

Scarring

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13
Q

What are the three phases of healing?

A

Inflammation

Proliferation

Remodeling

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14
Q

In which phase of healing does hemostasis occur?

A

Inflammation phase

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15
Q

What is hemostasis?

A

Vasoconstriction and activation of platelets

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16
Q

In which phase does structure restoration occur?

A

Remodeling phase

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17
Q

In which phase does scar formation occur?

A

Proliferative phase

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18
Q

Describe the vascular response that takes place in the inflammation phase of healing.

A

Vasoconstriction and permeability

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19
Q

Describe the cellular response that takes place in the inflammation phase of healing.

A

Phagocytosis stimulation of cell growth Revascularization

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20
Q

A result of a long-term chemical irritation or mechanical stress.

A

Chronic inflammation

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21
Q

List signs and symptoms of acute inflammation.

A

Pain

Swelling

Redness (Erythema)

Heat

Ecchymosis

Loss of movement and/or function

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22
Q

List signs and symptoms of infection.

A

Fever

Hyperpnea

Tachycardia

Malaise

Weakness

Loss of appetite

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23
Q

____ is rapid respiration.

A

Hyperpnea

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24
Q

_____ are produced by osteoblasts and resorbed by osteoclasts Bone tissue is being constantly resorbed and rebuilt, maintaining a balance in homeostasis

A

Osteocytes (mature bone cells)

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25
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The the yellow bone marrow in the human body produces blood cells.

A

FALSE: it is made up of fat cells

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26
Q

_____ cartilage is avascular, has no nervous supply, and has very few chondrocytes (living cartilage cells) within its tissue.

A

Articular

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27
Q

Osteomyelitis

A

Inflammation of bone & marrow caused by infection

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28
Q

_____ bone has its own blood supply and contains the bone marrow.

A

Cancellous

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29
Q

Each bone is covered by_____, an innervated and vascular structure that provides nutrition to the cortical (compact) bone.

A

periosteum

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30
Q

What occurs during the inflammatory phase of bone tissue healing?

A

Bleeding (hematoma formation), muscle guarding

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31
Q

What occurs during the proliferative phase of bone tissue healing?

A

Fibrin clot forms, Osteoblast activity increases to produce new bone cells; fibrocartilage forms around the fracture; osteocytes gradually replace fibrocartilage to form a bony callus

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32
Q

What occurs during the remodeling phase of bone tissue healing?

A

Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work to strengthen the fracture site and remove the excess portions of the callus

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33
Q

Describe the treatment for a bone fracture during the first 48-72 hours.

A

Strict immobilization or surgery

Approximation of bone

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34
Q

Describe the treatment for a bone fracture during weeks 3-6.

A

Continue immobilization or fixation until union (or longer)

Begin gentle range of motion (non-load bearing)

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35
Q

Describe the treatment for a bone fracture during weeks 6-24.

A

Begin load-bearing activity as tolerated

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36
Q

_____ cartilage has no blood supply therefore when damaged it is either replaced by fibrocartilage or not replaced at all.

A

Articular

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37
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The only way pain is elicited with an articular cartilage injury is if the underlying (subchondral) bone or synovial tissue is involved.

A

TRUE

38
Q

Synovial (joint capsule) inflammation, a clinical syndrome known as _____.

A

arthritis

39
Q

The proliferative phase of articular cartilage healing lasts _____.

A

6 months

40
Q

The remodeling phase of articular cartilage healing lasts _____.

A

2 years

41
Q

Describe the treatment during the inflammation phase of articular cartilage healing.

A

Weight bearing as tolerated

Maintain muscular function

42
Q

Describe the treatment during the proliferative phase of articular cartilage healing.

A

Controlled weight-bearing activity to stimulate fibrocartilage

43
Q

Describe the treatment during the remodeling phase of articular cartilage healing.

A

Activity as tolerated.

44
Q

_____ tissue attaches body structures to one another and is highly vascular and innervated.

A

Connective

45
Q

_____ lines the interior and exterior surfaces of the body, providing a barrier to external environment.

A

Epithelium

46
Q

_____ lines the cardiovascular system and regulates the exchange of substances between blood and other organs.

A

Endothelium

47
Q

What type of diseases cause chronic inflammation, necrosis, and scarring?

A

Metabolic diseases

48
Q

Describe the treatment for ligament injury during the first phase of healing.

A

Protect; splint in approximation

49
Q

Describe the treatment for ligament injury during the second phase of healing.

A

Active mobilization within limits and activity

50
Q

Describe the treatment for ligament injury during the third phase of healing.

A

Activity as tolerated

51
Q

Describe the time frame for the three phases of healing of ligament tissue.

A

Phase I: 48-72 hours

Phase II: 6-8 weeks

Phase III: 12-30 months

52
Q

Connective tissue heals with _____ only.

A

collagen

53
Q

How much time (days, weeks, months, etc) does it take for connective tissue to obtain tensile strength?

A

6-8 weeks

54
Q

How much time (days, weeks, months, etc) does it take for connective tissue to obtain strength more consistent with original strength?

A

6-12 weeks

55
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

If all cell layers of epithelim or endothelium are damaged, nonfunctional collagen scar (metaplasia) forms.

A

TRUE

56
Q

TRUE or FALSE:

If DNA replication is disrupted, a cancerous lesion (dysplasia) forms.

A

TRUE

57
Q

List the three types of muscle

A

Cardiac

Smooth

Skeletal

58
Q

What type of cells are responsible for impulsing control movement, cognitive and regulatory systems of body?

A

Nerve cells

59
Q

_____ is infection of muscle.

A

Tetanus

60
Q

What determines effects of nerve injury?

A

Location and type of nerve

61
Q

Damaged muscle cells are replaced by _____ rather than normal contractile muscle

A

collagen

62
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Damage to nervous tissue is permanent.

A

TRUE

63
Q

Describe the treatment for muscle injury during the first phase of healing.

A

Protection

Gentle passive or active-assisted mobilization

64
Q

Describe the treatment for muscle injury during the second phase of healing.

A

Active muscle recruitment

Passive mobilization

65
Q

Describe the treatment for muscle injury during the third phase of healing.

A

Active muscle recruitment

Passive mobilization

66
Q

How long is each stage of healing for a muscle injury?

A

Phase I: 42-78 hours

Phase II: 4-8 weeks

Phase III: 12 weeks

67
Q

Describe the treatment for tendon injury during the first phase of healing.

A

Protection

Splint in approximation

68
Q

Describe the treatment for tendon injury during the second phase of healing.

A

Active and passive mobilization within limits

69
Q

Describe the treatment for tendon injury during the third phase of healing.

A

Strengthening and activity as tolerated

70
Q

How long is each stage of healing for a tendon injury?

A

Phase I: 42-78 hours

Phase II: 4-6 weeks

Phase III: 12-20 weeks

71
Q

Describe the treatment for nerve injury during the first phase of healing.

A

Medical evaluation

Splinting may be needed to stabilize

72
Q

Describe the treatment for nerve injury during the second phase of healing.

A

Monitor

Periodic sensory and motor testing

73
Q

Describe the treatment for nerve injury during the third phase of healing.

A

Return to normal use

May need strengthening or other therapy

74
Q

How long is each stage of healing for a nerve injury?

A

Phase I: 2-7 days

Phase II: 1 inch/year

Phase III: Up to a year

75
Q

Mucosa cells make up _____ tissue.

A

Gastrointestinal

76
Q

Absorb nutrients, secrete mucous for protection and enzymes for digestion

A

Mucosa cells

77
Q

Type of cells that secrete digestive enzymes.

A

Acinar cells

78
Q

Type of cells that secrete bile, store carbohydrate, form urea, metabolism of cholesterol, lipids, and many drugs and toxins.

A

Hepatic

79
Q

Type of cells that regulate fluid from urine.

A

Renal cells

80
Q

Type of cells that secrete regulatory specific hormones.

A

Endocrine

81
Q

Islet cells are located in the _____ pancreas.

A

Endocrine

82
Q

_____ cells are located in the exocrine pancreas.

A

Acinar

83
Q

_____ cells are a type of islet cells in the pancreas that secrete _____.

A

Alpha : Glucagon

84
Q

This type of islet cell is responsible for the secretion of insulin.

A

Beta cells

85
Q

Renal cells are located in the _____.

A

kidney

86
Q

Endocrine cells are located in _____ glands.

A

endocrine

87
Q

_____ cells are located in the gastrointestinal tract.

A

Mucosa

88
Q

What type of cells make up the liver?

A

Hepatic cells

89
Q

_____ is a loss of a large amount of blood.

A

Hemorrhage

90
Q

This occurs when organs are deprived of vital nutrients and oxygen.

A

Shock

91
Q

List some characteristics of shock.

A

Pale

Clammy skin

Tachycardia

Hypotension

atr 540 pathology of injury and illness (8 decks)

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