Cardiovascular drugs Flashcards
(53 cards)
1
Q
What are diuretics?
A
- Maintain adequate blood volume at the lowest dose possible and reduce fluid retention
- Loop and Potassium-sparing
2
Q
Give examples of Loop diuretics?
A
- Furosemide Dimazon, frusecare, frusedale, libeo
- Torsemide as UpCard
3
Q
What are the pharmacodynamics of loop diuretics?
A
- Inhibits Na/L/Cl transport in ascending loop of Henle
- Loss of these ions and waste increases renal blood flow and glomerulus filtrate rate
4
Q
What are the pharmacokinetics of loop diuretics?
A
- Furosemide eliminated through kidneys
- Torsemide eliminated through liver
5
Q
What are the adverse reactions of loop diuretics?
A
- Hypo K/Na/Cl/Mg/Ca
- Dehydration
- PUPD
- Pre-renal azotamia
6
Q
What are the contraindications of loop diuretics?
A
- Dehydration patients
- Those with anuria
7
Q
What are the pharmacodynamics of potassium-sparing diuretics?
A
- Works on aldosterone receptor antagonist, which prevents Na resorption in the distal tubule
- Reduces water tension
8
Q
Give examples of potassium-sparing diuretics
A
- Spironolactone as Cardalis and Prilactone
9
Q
What are the pharmacokinetics of potassium-sparing diuretics?
A
- Metabolised by the liver
- Metabolites excreted in faeces and urine
10
Q
What are the adverse reactions of potassium-sparing diuretics?
A
- HypoNa
- HyperK
11
Q
What are the contraindication of potassium-sparing diuretics?
A
- HyperK
- HypoNa
- Pregnancy/lactating
12
Q
What are vasodilators?
A
- Reduces oedemas
- Classed as arterial, venous or mixed
13
Q
Give an example of an vasodilator
A
- Amlodipine as Amodip
14
Q
What are the pharmacodynamics of vasodilators?
A
- Works on calcium channel antagonists , which affects the peripheral ateriolar vasculature
- Causes vasodilation and reduces afterload
15
Q
What are the pharmacokinetics of vasodilators?
A
- Metabolised into inactive metabolites by the liver
- Eliminated in faeces and urine
16
Q
What are the adverse reactions of vasodilators?
A
- Hypotension
- Lethargy
- Inappetance
17
Q
What are the contraindications of vasodilators?
A
- Cardiogenic shock
- Pregnancy
- Severe hepatic failure
18
Q
What are vasodilators (Sildenafil/Viagra)?
A
- Arteriolar diffusion and reduces afterload
19
Q
What are vasodilators (Nitroglycerine)?
A
- Venodilation and reduces preload
20
Q
What are positive inotropes?
A
- Increases myocardial contractility
21
Q
Give examples of positive inotropes
A
- Pimobendan as Vetmedin and cardisure
22
Q
What are the pharmacodynamics of positive inotropes?
A
- Sensitization of the myocardium to calcium, which increases contractility without increasing myocardium oxygen demand
23
Q
What are the pharmacokinetics of positive inotropes?
A
- Metabolised by the liver
- Eliminated through faeces
24
Q
What are the adverse reactions of positive inotropes?
A
- Vomiting
- Increased chronotropic effects
25
What is the contraindication of positive inotropes?
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
26
What are positive inotropes (adrenergic agonists) used for?
- Acute cardiogenic shock
27
What do positive inotropes (dopamine) do?
- Increases renal perfusion
28
What are beta-blockers?
- Blockage of beta-adrenergic receptors
- Also has antiarrhythmic properties
- Mainly for dogs with myocardial hypertrophy
- Mainly for cats with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy
29
Give an example of an beta-blocker
- Atenolol as atenolol or tenormin
30
What are the pharmacodynamics of beta-blockers?
- Blocks cardioselective B-adrenergic receptors, which inhibits chronotropic and inotropic effects
- Reduces myocardial oxygen demand
31
What are the pharmacokinetics of beta-blockers?
- No metabolism of the drug
- Excreted through the kidneys
32
What are the adverse reactions of beta-blockers?
- Induced bradycardia/myocardial depression
- AV block
- Heart failure
- Syncope
- Hypotension
- Hypoglycaemia
- Depression and lethargy
33
What are the contraindications of beta-blockers?
- Bradyarrythmias
- Congestive heart failure
34
What are antiarrhythmics?
- Four classes
- Specifically for tachyarrhythmias
35
What are class I antiarrhythmic drugs?
- Work by blocking the myocardial sodium channels, which slows the rate of transmission along the Purkinje cells
36
Give an example of class I antiarrhythmics
- Lidocaine
37
What are class II antiarrhythmics?
- Like Class I, but used mostly for management of supraventricular tachycardia
38
Give an example of class II antiarrhythmics?
- Propanolol
39
What are class III antiarrhythmics?
- Work by slowing down or delaying repolarisation of cardiac cells
- Used in ventricular arrhythmias in dobermans and boxers
40
Give an example of an class III antiarrhythmic
- Sotalol
41
What are class IV antiarrhythmics?
- Blocks calcium channels, which reduces myocardial contraction and depresses electrical activity and decreases vascular resistance
42
Give an example of an class IV antiarrhythmic
- Diltiazem as Hypercard
43
What are the pharmacokinetics of class IV antiarrhythmics?
- Metabolised in the liver
- Eliminated mostly in faeces
44
What are the adverse reactions of class IV antiarrhythmics?
- Bradycardia
- Vomiting
- Lethargy
45
What are the contraindications of Class IV antiarrhythmics?
- AV block
- Hypotension
- Renal disease
- Pregnant/lactating
46
What is antiarrhythmic (digoxin) used for?
- Atrial fibrillation and supraventricular tachycardia
47
What are the pharmacodynamics of ACE-inhibitors?
- Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor prevents angiotensin 1 converting into angiotensin 2
- Inhibits the breakdown of bradykinin
- Reduces pre/afterload
- Veno and arterio dilation
48
Give examples of ACE-inhibitors
- Benazepril as Benazecare, cardalis and fortekor
49
What are the pharmacokinetics of ACE-inhibitors?
- Metabolised in the liver
- Excreted through bile and urine
50
What are the adverse reactions of ACE-inhibitors?
- Hypotension
- Hyperkalaemia
- Azotaemia
- Anorexia
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
51
What are the contraindications of ACE-inhibitors?
- Hypotension
- Severe renal failure
52
What drugs are negative chronotropic drugs?
- Beta-blockers
- Calcium channel blockers
- Digoxin
53
What drugs are positive chronotropic drugs?
- Epinephrine/adrenaline
- Dopamine
