GIT and neuro drugs Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
List the 3 neurological disorders?
A
- Focal seizures
- General seizures
- Status epilepticus
2
Q
What are the 5 neurological drug types?
A
- Phenobarbital
- Levetiracetam
- Potassium bromide
- Benzodiazepines
- Imepitoin
3
Q
What are the 2 gastrointestinal drug types?
A
- Emetics/antiemetics/prokinetic drugs
- Antacids/antiulcer
4
Q
What are phenobarbitals?
A
- First choice of antiepileptic drug
- Decreases likelihood of spontaneous depolarization of brain cells
- POM-V Schedule 3
5
Q
Give 2 examples of a phenobabital?
A
- Epiphen solution
- Phenoleptil
6
Q
What are the pharmacodynamics of phenobarbitals?
A
- Mediates its use through GABA receptors
- Inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate
- Effects reduce neuronal excitability
7
Q
What are the pharmacokinetics of phenobarbitals?
A
- Rapidly absorbed orally
- Metabolised by the liver
- Excreted by kidneys
8
Q
What are the adverse reactions of phenobarbitals?
A
- Ataxia
- Polyphagia
- PUPD
- Hepatic toxicity
- Anaemia/neutropenia/thrombocytopenia
9
Q
What are the contraindications of phenobarbitals?
A
- Pregnant or nursing animals
- Hepatic disease
10
Q
What are imepitoins?
A
- Also first choice to manage idiopathic epilepsy
- POM-V
11
Q
Give an example of an imepitoin?
A
- Pexion tablets
12
Q
What are the pharmacodynamics of imepitons?
A
- Inhibit GABA receptors to stop seizures
13
Q
What are the pharmacokinetics of imepitoins?
A
- Metabolised by the liver
- Eliminated through faeces more than urine
14
Q
What are the adverse reactions of imepitoins?
A
- Ataxia
- Skin reactions
- Polyphagia
- Hyperactivity
- PUPD
- Hypersalivation
- D+/V+
- Decreased sight
15
Q
What are levetiracetams?
A
- Used as adjunctive maintenance therapy alongside other drugs
- POM, as not licensed as Keppra
16
Q
Give an example of an levetiracetam
A
- Keppra
17
Q
What are the pharmacodynamics of levetiracetams?
A
- Unknown mechanism
- Possible binding to presynaptic vesicle proteins in the brain
18
Q
What are the pharmacokinetics of levetiracetams?
A
- Rapidly absorbed through GIT
- Can be administered rectally for same effects
19
Q
What are the adverse reactions of levetiracetams?
A
- Ataxia
- Reduced appetite
- Hypersalivation
- Lethargy
20
Q
What is the contraindication of levetiracetams?
A
- Do not use in severe renal disease
21
Q
What are benzodiazepines (diazepam)?
A
- Anticonvulsant for short-term emergency control of severe epilepsy or status epilepticus
- Anxiolytic
- POM-V
22
Q
What are the pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines (diazepam)?
A
- Inhibition of centrally acting neurotransmitters through GABA receptors
23
Q
What are the pharmacokientics of benzodiazepines (diazepam)?
A
- Metabolised by the liver into active metabolites, which are likely to accumulate
- Eliminated in the urine
24
Q
What are the adverse reactions of benzodiazepines (diazepam)?
A
- Ataxia
- Excitation
25
What is the contraindication of benzodiazpines (diazepam0?
- Severe hepatic disease
26
What are benzodiazepines (midazolam)?
- Provides sedation with amnesia
- Emergency control of seizures
- POM, as not licensed
27
What are the pharmacodynamics of benzodiazepines (midazolam)?
- Neural inhibition by increasing the effects of GABA
28
What are the pharmacokinetics of benzodiazepines (midazolam)?
- Metabolised by the liver in to inactive metabolites, so less likely to accumulate
- Eliminated in the urine
29
What are the adverse reactions of benzodiazepines (midazolam)?
- Hypotension
- Respiratory depression
30
What is the contraindication of benzodiazepines (midazolam)?
- Neonates
31
What are emetics?
- Self-limiting emesis
- POM-V
32
Give examples of emetics
- Apomorphine as apometic
- Emedog
33
What are the pharmacodynamics of emetics?
- Stimulates emesis through D2 dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone
34
What are the pharmacokinetics of emetics?
- Metabolised by the liver
- Excreted in urine and breast milk
35
What are the adverse reactions of emetics?
- V++++
- Respiratory depression
- Sedation
- Hypotension
36
What are the contraindications of emetics?
- If caustic products have been ingested
- FB blockage
- Unconscious
- Seizures or poison
- Collies due to MDR1 gene, which causes sensitivity to ivermectin
37
What are antiemetics?
- Prevents vomiting
- POM-V
38
Give examples of antiemetics
- Cerenia
- Prevomax
- Vetemax
39
What are the pharmacodynamics of antiemetics?
- Inhibits vomiting reflex by blocking NK-1 receptors in medullary vomiting centre
40
What are the pharmacokinetics of antiemetics?
- Metabolised by the liver
- Eliminated through kidneys and faeces
41
What are the adverse reactions of antiemetics?
- Pain in injection
- Haemolysis if high doses
42
What are contraindications of antiemetics?
- GIT obstruction or perforation
43
What are prokinetics?
- Treatment of vomiting
- POM-V
44
What are examples of prokinetics?
- Metoclopramide as emeprid, metomotyl and vomend
45
What are the pharmacodynamics of prokinetics?
- Affects gastric tissues through acetylcholine, which increases peristaltic activity
46
What are the pharmacokinetics of prokinetics?
- Metabolised by the liver
- Eliminated through urine
47
What are the adverse reactions of prokinetics?
- Agitation
- Ataxia
- Tremors
- Aggression
- Vocalisation
- Disorientation
48
What are the contraindications of prokinetics?
- Avoid in GIT obstruction and haemorrhage
- Epilepsy
- Renal or hepatic disease
- Pseudopregnancy
49
What are H2 blockers?
- Management of gastritis, gastric or duodenal ulcers, oesophagitis and mast cell neoplasia
- POM-V
50
Give an example of an H2 blocker?
- Cimetidine as Zitac
51
What are the pharmacodynamics of H2 blcokers?
- Histamine receptor antagonist reduces histamine-induced gastric acid secretion
52
What are the pharmacokinetics of H2 blockers?
- Metabolised by the liver
- Excreted by urine
53
What are the adverse reactions of H2 blockers?
- Thromobocytopenia
- Hepatotoxicity
- Nephrotoxicity
54
What are proton-pump inhibitors?
- Management of gastric or duodenal ulcers, oesophagitis, mast cell neoplasia
- POM-V
55
Give an example of a proton-pump inhibitor
- Omeprazole as Gastrogard
- Can use Omeprazole off license
56
What are the pharmacodynamics of proton-pump inhibitors?
- Reduction of gastric acid thtough the inhibition of proton pumps producing hydrogen ions
57
What are the pharmacokinetics of proton-pump inhibitors?
- Metabolised by the liver
- Eliminated through urine and bile to faeces
58
What are anti-ulcers?
- Treatment of oesophageal, gastric and duodenal ulceration
- POM, as not licensed as Antepsin
59
Give an example of an anti-ulcer
- Sucralfate
60
What are the pharmacodynamics of anti-ulcers?
- Aluminium ion detaches from the compound, leaving a polar ion.
- This ion binds to proteinaceous exudates in the upper GIT, forming a chemical barrier over ulcer sites
- Prevents further erosion from acid, pepsin and bile salts
61
What are the pharmacokinetics of anti-ulcers?
- Excreted in urine and faeces
