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Clinical Kinesiology > Cardiovascular endurance > Flashcards

Cardiovascular endurance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the causes of cardiovascular endurance impairment?

A
  1. Pathological issues: respiratory, cardiac
  2. muscle weakness
  3. obesity
  4. disuse: lifestyle, trauma, injury
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2
Q

What are the acute responses to cardiovascular exercise?

A

Exercise response-
1. Generalized peripheral vasoconstriction with increased myocardial contractility
2. increased HR
3. Hypertension
4. Increased muscle mass
Cardiac effects-
1. increased HR
2. increased myocardial contraction
Peripheral effects-
1. Generalized vasocontriction to allow increased blood flow to working muscles
2. decreased local resistance in arterial vascular bed
3. veins remain constricted
4. NET reduction in total peripheral resistance

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3
Q

What are cardiovascular adaptations at rest post training?

A
  1. Decrease in BP (systolic mostly)
  2. Decrease in sympathetic NS responses (norepi & epi)
  3. increase in parasympathetic tone
  4. decrease in atrial rate
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4
Q

What are cardiovascular adaptations that occur with training with exercise?

A
  1. Increased myocardial contraction
  2. Increased cardiac output (CO = HR x SV)
  3. Decreased pulse rate
  4. Increased delivery of oxygen to muscles, increased extraction of oxygen from blood
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5
Q

What are respiratory adaptations that occur with training at rest?

A
  1. increased lung volumes

2. Greater alveolar-capillary surface area

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6
Q

What are respiratory adaptations that occur with training with exercise?

A
  1. Decreased air ventilation with unchanged oxygen consumption
  2. Increased max. minute ventilation?
  3. Increased efficiency of ventilation
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7
Q

What are metabolic adaptations that occur with training at rest?

A
  1. Muscle hypertrophy
  2. Increased number and size of mitochondria (energy)
  3. Increased muscle myoglobin (O2 transport)
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8
Q

What are metabolic adaptations that occur with training with exercise?

A
  1. Glycogen sparing (decreased depletion of glycogen)

2. increased ability to mobilize and oxidize fat

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9
Q

What are the variables that can be changed in a cardiovascular endurance program?

A
  1. Intensity
  2. Duration
  3. Frequency
  4. Mode
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10
Q

How would you change the intensity in an endurance training program?

A
  1. based on overload principle and specificity principle
  2. Focus on target heart rate (Karvonen formula)
  3. use a stress test to determine intensity for those at risk for CAD, who have CAD or other chronic disease, and the elderly.
  4. Increased intensity and length of intervals results in faster training effects- Beware of cardiovascular involvement and injury
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11
Q

How would you change the duration of an endurance training program?

A
  1. Variable dependent on total work done, intensity, frequency, fitness level
  2. Inverse relationship of intensity and duration
  3. 20-30 min sessions generally optimal at 60-70% max HR
  4. Sessions >45min increase risk of injury
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12
Q

How would you change the frequency of an endurance training program?

A

Going to vary depending on health, age, fitness of person

  1. Generally 3-4X/week; 30-45 min for those in good health to protect against CAD
  2. Inverse relationship of intensity and frequency
  3. Risk of injury beyond optimal personal range (cross training)
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13
Q

How would you change the mode of an endurance training program?

A
  1. Consider specificity principle

2. Generally lg muscle groups with cardiorespiratory demand

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14
Q

What are the components of aerobic ex. program?

A
  1. Warm up
  2. Aerobic exercise period
  3. Cool down
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15
Q

Describe the warm up of an aerobic ex. program.

A
  1. prepares body for the ensuing demands
  2. prevents or decreases risk of injury
  3. Should be gradual, increasing muscle and core body temp without fatigue.
    - 5-10 min total body movement (treadmill, exercycle, etc)
    - HR within 20 bpm of target HR
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16
Q

Describe the aerobic exercise period.

A
  1. Should be within a persons tolerance, above threshold level for adaptation to occur, below level of evoking clinical symptoms (angina, fatigue, etc)
  2. Emphasize submaximal, rhythmic, dynamic exercise of large muscle groups
  3. methods- continuous training, interval training, circuit training, circuit-interval training
17
Q

What is the continuous training method?

A
  1. Use of slow-twitch fibers
  2. 20-60 min
  3. increase duration to accomplish overload
  4. most effect for health person
18
Q

What is interval training?

A

Exercise followed by rest period

19
Q

What is circuit training?

A

Various exercise modes in a series

20
Q

What is circuit-interval training?

A

A combination of interval and circuit training

21
Q

Describe the cool down of an aerobic ex. program.

A
  1. Prevents pooling of blood in extremities
  2. prevents fainting
  3. Enhances recovery period
  4. Prevents complications
  5. Should be 5-8 min. similar to warm up
22
Q

What are the precautions of endurance training?

A
  1. CAD, MI, CHF, cardiac conditions
  2. Hypertension
  3. Permanent pacemaker
  4. Marfan’s syndrome- genetic disorder of connective tissue, can effect heart valves
  5. Severe lung diseases
  6. Electrolyte abnormalities
  7. Uncontrolled metabolic diseases (diabetes, etc)
  8. Diabetes (Strenuous ex. may cause hypoglycemia; be sure diabetes is controlled)
  9. Any serious systemic disorders (hepatitis, Mono, etc)
  10. Marked obesity
  11. Anemia
23
Q

What are the contraindications of endurance training?

A
  1. Coronary disease
    - Severe coronary artery disease
    - Uncontrolled ventricular or atrial arrhythmias
    - Uncontrolled hypertension
    - Acute myocarditis
  2. Recent PE or DVT
  3. Pregnancy
  4. Injury or diseases affecting musculoskeletal systems
24
Q

What is low risk stratification?

A
  1. younger individuals (men >45 yo; women
25
Q

What action should be taken with individuals with low risk stratification?

A
  • Recommend follow up for existing risk factor

- No modification to PT needed

26
Q

What is moderate risk stratification?

A
  1. Older individuals (men >45 yo; women >55 yo)

2. or 2+ risk facotrs

27
Q

What action should be taken with individuals with moderate risk stratification?

A
  1. Recommended follow up for existing risk factors
  2. measure HR/BP prior to physical activity - do not exercise SBP >200; DBP >110; HR >100
  3. Monitor HR/BP and RPE during physical activity; SaO2 if indicated or available
28
Q

What is high risk stratification?

A

Individuals with one or more signs/symptoms or known cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disease

29
Q

What action should be taken with individuals with high risk stratification?

A
  1. Determine whether current condition is stable
  2. Measure HR/BP prior to physical exercise
  3. Measure baseline status relative to condition - ie blood glucose for diabetes
  4. Monitor HR/BP, SaO2, and RPE during physical activity
  5. Limit exercise intensity: monitor HR or RPE
30
Q

What are risk factors for Cardiovascular disease?

A
  1. Family history
  2. Cigarette Smoking
  3. Hypertension
  4. Hypercholesterolemia
  5. Impaired fasting glucose
  6. Obesity
  7. Sedentary Lifestyle

Clinical Kinesiology (9 decks)

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