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Clinical Kinesiology > Muscle Performance > Flashcards

Muscle Performance Flashcards

1
Q

What is strength?

A

greatest measurable force exerted by a muscle or muscle group to overcome resistance during a single maximal effort

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2
Q

What is endurance?

A

the ability of a muscle to contract repeatedly against a load, sustain tension, and resist fatigue over an extended period of time

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3
Q

What is power?

A

force (strength) x distance/time (speed)

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4
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

occurs when a muscle generates an active force while remaining at a constant length.

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5
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

occurs as a muscle produces an active force and simultaneously shortens (shortening contraction)

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6
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

occurs as a muscle produces an active force but is simultaneously pulled to a longer length by a more dominant external force. (lengthening contraction)

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7
Q

What are the types of muscle actions?

A
  1. concentric
  2. eccentric
  3. isometric
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8
Q

What are the types of exercise for muscle performance?

A
  1. static
  2. dynamic
  3. Variable Resistance training
  4. Isokinetics
  5. Plyometric (power) training/Stretch-shortening cycle training
  6. Open vs Closed chain?
  7. Manual resistance
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9
Q

What is static resistance training (type of exercise for m. performance)?

A
  1. isometric
  2. Muscle setting: little or no resistance- used to retard atrophy in early stages of healing
  3. resisted isometric: manual or mechanical- develops muscle when jt motion is painful or contraindicated.
  4. Stabilization: co-contraction in med-range isometric loading against resistance including gravity (ie standing on one foot)
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10
Q

What is dynamic resistance training (type of exercise for m. performance)?

A
  1. Isotonic- uniform constsant force throught a dynamic action (not possible to have true isotonic)
    - can use free weights, weight machines, pulleys, body weight, theraband, tubing, manual gravity
    - can be open or closed chain
  2. eccentric: lift weight with assistance lower, then use selected muscle to lower
  3. concentric
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11
Q

What is variable resistance training (type of exercise for m. performance)?

A

uses equipment and operates through a level arm, cam, or pulley
Purpose: alter resistance to match changes in strength throughout ROM making muscle contract near maximally throughout ROM.

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12
Q

What is isokinetic resistance training (type of exercise for m. performance)?

A

a muscular action performed at a constant angular limb velocity, not particular resistance to meet, rather, velocity is controlled by machine

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13
Q

What is plyometric (power) training/stretch-shortening cycle training?

A

muscle acts eccentrically and then concentrically (as in jumping, winding up to throw a ball)

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14
Q

What is open vs closed chain?

A

Use open if NWB
Specificity of training
Closed chain in functional postures, weight bearing

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15
Q

What is manual resistance?

A

applied by therapist to either dynamic or static contraction

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16
Q

Why would you revise your manual resistance?*

A
  1. pt is unable to complete full ROM
  2. Site of application painful
  3. muscle tremor develops
  4. substitute motions occur
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17
Q

What are the determinants of muscle performance?

A

????

  1. strength
  2. power
  3. endurance
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18
Q

What is the SAID principle?

A

Specific Adaptation to imposed Demands
It’s an extension of Wolff’s law; whatever you train is what will respond. ie if you want to get good at running you are going to have to run

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19
Q

How do you apply SAID and wolff’s law?

A

Apply these principles in context of pathology, age, stage of tissue healing, fatigue, overall abilities of the pt and the pt’s goals

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20
Q

What are the causes of decreased muscle performance?

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Corticosteroids
  3. Neurologic pathology
  4. Muscle strain
  5. Disuse and deconditioning
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21
Q

How does alcohol decrease muscle performance?

A

alcoholic myopathy for large amounts of ethanol. Type II fiber atrophy from chronic alcohol abuse (inablity to generate tension rapidly and to produce power)

22
Q

How do coriticosteroids decrease muscle performance?

A

Type II fibers atrophy (use a program recruiting type to fiber to protect them from steroid-induced atrophy

23
Q

How does neurologic pathology decrease muscle performance?

A
  • nerve root distribution impaired resulting in associated m. weakness
  • peripheral nerve injury ex: median nerve at the carpal tunnel
  • maintain muscle balance and efficient movement patterns without developing a dominant muscle group that overrides other muscle action
  • neuron disease ex MS strengthen appropriately, avoid fatiguing muscles, generally several short sessions with few repetitions interspersed throughout the day
24
Q

How does muscle strain decrease muscle performance?

A
  • Depends on the healing process

- When able, train eccentrically as eccentric loading is often when injury occurs ex: hamstring injury

25
Q

How does disuse and deconditioning decrease muscle performance?

A
  • may be due to illness, surgery, specific physical conditions (ie pregnancy), or injury
  • consider muscle most likely to be affected, pt’s desired activity level and preference, and any medical considerations
26
Q

What are the musculoskeletal adaptations to resistance training?

A
  1. muscle fiber hypertrophy–>leads to increase in size and force production
  2. increased strength of ligaments, tendons, and bone
  3. increased thickness of hyaline cartilage on articular surfaces
27
Q

What are the neuromuscular adaptations to resistance training?

A
  1. increased recruitment of motor units, more efficient recruitment
  2. increased synchronization of motor unit firing
28
Q

What are the cardiovascular response to resistance training?

A
  1. resting HR decreased on average
  2. blood pressure decreased or unchanged at rest and during exercise
  3. stroke volume (volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle) increased or unchanged at rest and during exercise
  4. physiological hypertrophy of the heart
  5. small increase in VO2 max (aerobic power) or no change during exercise
  6. cardiac output (amnt of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle) increased or unchanged during exercise
29
Q

What are the dosage parameters for resistance exercise?

A
  1. Intensity (number of reps, sets, % 1RM, rest b/t sets, and goal)
  2. duration- total number of weeks or months program is carried out (strength- 6-12 wks for changes in muscle, neuro changes 2-3 wks)
  3. frequency- # of sessions per week
  4. rest periods- between sets and sessions (usually 48 hrs for soft tissue in intermediate healing phase)
30
Q

Why is rest between resistance exercise important?

A
  • allows body time to recuperate form the acute effects of exercise associated with muscle fatigue
  • offset adverse responses such as exercise induced delayed onset muscle soreness
  • W/out adequate rest muscle performance can’t improve
31
Q

What are the precautions for resistance training?

A
  1. Valsalva maneuver
  2. High risk pts: CAD, MI, CVA, hypertensive, s/p eye surgery, neurosurgeries, intervertebral disk surgeries
  3. Osteoporosis- physiological fractures
  4. Substitute motions
  5. Overwork (pathological)/overtraining (healthy)
  6. Exercise-induced muscle soreness: acute, delayed-onset
32
Q

What are the contraindications of resistance exercise?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Inflammation
  3. Severe cardiopulmonary disease
33
Q

What are considerations for resistance exercise in children?

A
  • controversial topic
  • when properly prescribed can help increase strength, endurance, decrease injury, and improve performance
  • neural adaptations produce majority of strength gains
  • after puberty leads to increased muscle hypertrophy beyond normal growth
  • quality of muscle tissue improves
34
Q

What injuries are a prepubescent child subject to?

A

Acute (caused by single trauma):
1. muscle strains
2. epiphyseal plate fractures- structure not yet ossified so does not have the structural strength of mature bone
3. fractures- due to lack of coritcal bone thickness and mineralization of linear bone growth
4. lumbar problems
Chronic:
1. growth cartilage- growth plate (little league shoulder); epiphysis (growth cartilage); apophyseal insertion (tendon insertion) osgood sschlatter
2. lordosis- caused by muscle imbalance, improper weight lifting technique

35
Q

What are guidelines for resistance exercise and children?

A
  1. program should not include lifting max or near max amounts
  2. stress proper technique
  3. need proper rest in order to adapt
  4. strengthen abdominal and lower back wtih light to mod intensity
  5. Should have a balanced exercise program- should still PLAY
  6. Program should be no longer 20-60 minutes, 3x a week, include warm up and cool down
36
Q

What are considerations for women and resistance training?

A

-important for maintaining muscle mass & bone density

37
Q

What are considerations for seniors and resistance training?

A
  • loss of strength and power occur with age
    1. muscle weakness can advance to interfere with ADL’s
    2. 60-70’s 15-20% decrease
    3. 80’s 30%
  • long term strength training appears to offset the magnitude of strength loss
  • Decreased power: decreased ability to exert force rapidly (protective mechanism in prevention of falls, rising from chair, climbing stairs, walking.)
38
Q

What are the mechanisms of decreased strength in seniors?

A
  1. decreased muscle mass and increased intramuscular fat
    - decreased size and loss of fibers
    - selective atrophy or loss of type II fibers
    - change in protein quality
  2. Nervous system changes: possbile change responsible for inability to activate muscle with aging
    - loss of muscle fibers
    - loss of motor units
    - peripheral neuromuscular mechanism
  3. hormonal changes- endocrine system compromised affecting muscle remodeling and growth
  4. undernourishment: adequate protein intake is vital for muscle hypertrophy in the elderly
39
Q

What are training adaptations of the seniors?

A
  1. increased strength (1RM) from muscle hypertrophy and neural factors
  2. increased bone density
  3. increased power
  4. increased functional status with ADL’s
40
Q

What are guidelines for resistance exercise for seniors?

A
  1. consulation with and consent of physician- double checks contras/precautions
  2. May require initial traiing period in order to exercise at a level for training adaptations to occur
  3. can tolerate exercise 80% 1RM
  4. included warm-up and cool-down
  5. usually start with 1 set and progress to 3 sets
  6. recovery takes longer
  7. For general program include at least 1 exercise for every major muscle group
  8. Rest period usually 2-3 minutes b/c strength usually the goal
  9. do not perform sets of concentric failure especially in 50-90% of 1RM and especially if they have a cardiovascular problem/risk
  10. educate patient to avoid valsalva maneuver
41
Q

What should be considered when determining types of equipment for resistance exercise?

A
  1. financial cost
  2. pt’s environment
  3. pt’s place to use equipment
  4. Do they need a solid surface, prone/supine?
  5. Presence of supportive family
42
Q

What are the factors to consider when determining dosage?

A
  1. anatomic sites involved
  2. physiologic statues of affected tissues
  3. specificity principle
  4. pt’s learning capacity
43
Q

What should you consider when you are determining exercise levels and progression?

A
  1. response to sensation
  2. exacerbation of symptoms
    - not always bad
    - use of modalitites (ie ice)
    - begin with few exercises so you know what is causeing what
  3. increase time and reps systematically and gradually
  4. use exercises that can be incorporated into daily activities
44
Q

What are the pros manual resistance?

A
  1. variable
  2. affordable
  3. used for assessment
  4. readily available
45
Q

What are the cons to manual resistance?

A
  1. variable
  2. can’t objectify
  3. Validitiy
    4 can be improperly implemented
46
Q

What are the pros to machines/equipment?

A
  1. consistent
  2. Objective
  3. can be cost effective
  4. con be unattended
47
Q

What are the 3 cons to machine/equipment?

A
  1. price
  2. risk of injury
  3. not portable
  4. availability
48
Q

What are pros to free weights/simple weight pulley systems?

A
  1. exercise can be set up in many positions
  2. typically dynamic non-weight bearing but can do isometric and resisted weight bearing
  3. recruits stabilizing muscles
  4. many movement patterns are possible, incorporating single plane or multiplanar motions. High specificity or general
  5. If large assortment can increase resistance slowly
  6. can be used for many different levels of strength
49
Q

What are cons to free weights/simple weight pulley systems?

A
  1. Motion must be entirely controlled by the patient- can take longer to learn proper mechanics
  2. Movement patterns must be controlled slowly for safety
  3. barbells with disks require assembly
  4. bilateral lifting exercises with barbell weights often require assistance of a spotter for patient safety, thus increasing personnel time
50
Q

What are pros to theraband?

A
  1. it’s portable and realtively inexpensive; great for HEP
  2. not significantly gravity dependent therefore versatile use in movement patterns in the extremities and trunk and in many positions
  3. Safe to exercise to moderate to fast velocities with elastic resistance b/c pt does not have to overcome the inertia of a rapidly moving weight.
  4. appropriate for plyometric training
51
Q

What are the con’s to theraband?

A
  1. have to refer to a table for quantitative information about the level of resistance for each color coded grade of material. Can make it challenging which color to initially select and how to progress
  2. no source of stabilization or control of extraneous movements
  3. Bands should be replaced routinely for patient safety
  4. Some elastic products contain latex

Clinical Kinesiology (9 decks)

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