Cardiovascular - Heart

Question 1

Why is it called a double circulatory system?

Answer 1

Because there are two parts - systemic (body) and pulmonary (to and from lungs)

Question 2

What are the two vena cava’s called?

Answer 2

Inferior and superior

Question 3

What vessel does blood enter the heart through?

Answer 3

Vena cava

Question 4

What vessel does blood exit the heart to the lungs?

Answer 4

Pulmonary artery

Question 5

What vessel does blood exit the heart to the body?

Answer 5

Aorta

Question 6

What vessel does blood enter the heart from the lungs?

Answer 6

Pulmonary vein

Question 7

Why is the heart more muscular on the left side?

Answer 7

Because it pumps blood to the body so needs to be pumped stronger

Question 8

What side of heart is the bicuspid valve found?

Answer 8

Left

Question 9

What side of heart is the tricuspid valve found?

Answer 9

Right

Question 10

What type of valves are the aortic and pulmonary valves?

Answer 10

Semi lunar valves

Question 11

Where is haemoglobin oxygenated?

Answer 11

The lungs

Question 12

Where is the SA node located?

Answer 12

Top of right atrium

Question 13

Where is the AV node located?

Answer 13

Bottom of right atrium

Question 14

What is the role of the SA node?

Answer 14

Makes atria contract at same time

Question 15

What is the role of the AV node?

Answer 15

Sends signal that delays ventricles from pumping until all blood from atria has entered ventricles

Question 16

What is the SA node known as?

Answer 16

The pacemaker

Question 17

What is the structure of the purkinjie fibres?

Answer 17

Very fine, small, specialised fibres

Question 18

What is the function of the purkinjie fibres?

Answer 18

They transmit impulses from AV node to ventricles

Question 19

What does the AV septum prevent?

Answer 19

Stops atria and ventricles from pumping at the same time

Question 20

What does SA node stand for?

Answer 20

Sinoatrial node

Question 21

What does AV node stand for?

Answer 21

Atrioventricular node

Question 22

What does the P wave show?

Answer 22

Contraction of atria

Question 23

What does the QRS wave show?

Answer 23

Contraction of ventricles

Question 24

What does the T wave show?

Answer 24

Relaxation of ventricles

Question 25

What does the flat line between P and Q show?

Answer 25

The 0.1 second delay - impulse reaches AV node for delay

Question 26

What does the downwards line between P and Q show?

Answer 26

The bundle branches carrying signal from AV node to hear apex

Question 27

What does an ECG show?

Answer 27

Electrical current of the heart

Question 28

What can an ECG indicate?

Answer 28

Abnormal heart conditions

Question 29

What are the outside walls of arteries made of?

Answer 29

Smooth muscle

Question 30

Why are walls of arteries thicker than veins?

Answer 30

Because they need to withstand greater pressure

Question 31

What do arteries have to stretch and recoil?

Answer 31

Elastin

Question 32

What do arterioles connect?

Answer 32

Arteries and capillaries

Question 33

What structure do arterioles have?

Answer 33

They are smaller versions of arteries with muscular walls

Question 34

What structure do capillaries have?

Answer 34

One cell thick - enables nutrients and gases to pass through

Question 35

Why do capillaries have low pressure?

Answer 35

So diffusion can occur

Question 36

What diffuses through capillaries?

Answer 36

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients

Question 37

What do venules connect?

Answer 37

Capillaries and veins

Question 38

Do venules have valves?

Answer 38

No

Question 39

What size lumen do veins have?

Answer 39

Large

Question 40

Why do veins have valves?

Answer 40

Prevent backflow of blood

Question 41

What type of blood do veins carry?

Answer 41

Deoxygenated

Question 42

What type of blood do arteries carry?

Answer 42

Mostly oxygenated - excludes pulmonary artery

Question 43

What are the names of vessels to the liver?

Answer 43

Hepatic artery, hepatic vein and portal vein

Question 44

What are the names of vessels to the kidneys?

Answer 44

Renal artery and renal vein

Question 45

What is osmosis?

Answer 45

Movement of molecules across a semi-permeable membrane

Question 46

What diffuses in osmosis?

Answer 46

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and waste

Question 47

Why cant proteins diffuse?

Answer 47

They are too large

Question 48

What is tissue fluid?

Answer 48

a yellowish liquid made from blood plasma

Question 49

What does tissue fluid do?

Answer 49

It bathes all cells + acts as transport medium between blood and cells Supplies nutrients to tissues and receive carbon dioxide and other waste materials from surrounding tissue

Question 50

What substances are found in tissue fluid?

Answer 50

WBC's, oxygen, sugars, salts, amino acids and hormones

Question 51

What is tissue fluid made up of?

Answer 51

Small molecules and water found in plasma

Question 52

How is tissue fluid made?

Answer 52

Fluid leaves capillaries and enters tissues

Question 53

What does plasma contain that tissue fluid doesn't?

Answer 53

Large proteins

Question 54

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 54

Capillaries are narrower than arterioles so pressure builds up which forces water out of blood plasma

Question 55

What is osmotic pressure?

Answer 55

Hydrostatic pressure is resisted by the lower water potential of blood caused by blood proteins that are too large to leave capillaries = osmotic pressure

Question 56

What us ultrafiltration?

Answer 56

Pressure pushes water and small molecules out of capillary leaving cells and large proteins behind

Question 57

When does osmosis occur in blood?

Answer 57

Capillaries take in water (containing waste) from blood plasma, reducing hydrostatic pressure.

Question 58

What happens to any remaining tissue fluid?

Answer 58

It enters lymph vessels and goes back to veins

Question 59

What happens to tissue fluid that doesn't go back to capillaries?

Answer 59

Enters lymphatic system and forms lymph

Question 60

What is the lymphatic system made up of?

Answer 60

Lymphatic capillaries, lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue

Question 61

What are lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 61

Vein-like lymph vessels containing valves

Question 62

What are lymph nodes?

Answer 62

Sac-like organs that trap pathogens + foreign substances - contain lots of WBC 's

Question 63

Where is lymphatic tissue found?

Answer 63

Spleen, thymus and tonsils

Question 64

What does lymphatic tissue contain?

Answer 64

Large amounts of WBC's involved in their development

Question 65

What is blood made of?

Answer 65

55% water, 45% cells (mostly erythrocytes)

Question 66

What is serum made up of?

Answer 66

Mainly water, some proteins, ions and nutrients - no fibrinogen

Question 67

What is lymph made up of?

Answer 67

Mainly water, some small molecules and lipids

Question 68

What is plasma made up of?

Answer 68

Mainly water - plus proteins, ions, nutrients and waste

Question 69

What is tissue fluid made up of?

Answer 69

Mainly water - plus small molecules e.g. oxygen

Question 70

What are the 3 types of blood proteins?

Answer 70

Albumins, globulins and fibrinogen

Question 71

What is the structure of albumins?

Answer 71

Largest out of 3 proteins and contribute to viscosity of plasma

Question 72

What do albumins do?

Answer 72

Main contributers to osmotic pressure, allow tissue fluid to move back to capillaries.

Question 73

What happens if we have a lack of albumins?

Answer 73

Lead to build up of tissue fluid in tissues = oedema

Question 74

What do globulins do?

Answer 74

Have antibodies and immunoglobulins | They are protective proteins made by lymphocytes that are essential to immune system

Question 75

What does fibrinogen do?

Answer 75

Helps blood clot

Question 76

What does lymphatic system do?

Answer 76

Drainage and filtration, remove excess fluid from tissues, absorbs fatty acids and transports to bloodstream to go to small intestine, produces lymphocytes