Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology Block 11 > Cardiovascular Path > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Path Flashcards

(60 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the cardiovascular systems job

A

To maintain sufficient blood pressure to perfume the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the lowest MAP pressure you can have

A

Normal is 70mmHg, 60 is the bottom end of the range the kidney can regulate itself
-below this is shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is MAP

A

COxTPR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Body will alter what’s variables to maintain MAP

A

CO and TPR

-mainly HR, to change CO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Blood volume maintained by

A

Sodium
Mineralocorticoids
ANP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does ANP do

A

If you have too much blood volume, allows you to pee it out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Things that constrict

A 
Angiotensin II
Catecholamines 
Thromboxane 
Leukotrienes 
Endothelin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Things that dilate

A

Prostaglandins
Kinins
NO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Things that affect cardiac output

A

Blood volume
Heart rate (B1, M2)
Contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which of the folllowing would increase BP?
A. Increasing arteriolar diameter
B.increasing venule diameter
C. Increasing HR
D. Increasing PNS stimulation to the heart

A

Increasing HR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q 
Which of the following would be an appropriate response to increased BP?
A. Increasing angII
B. Increasing renin
C. Increasing aldosterone 
D. Increasing ANP
A

ANP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Leading cause off disease and death in the US

A

Cardiovascular disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Most common cardiovascular diseases

A

HTN, coronary artery disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cardiovascular disease risk factors

A

Age and lifestyle

  • males >45, females >55
  • DM, elevated cholesterol, smoking, HTN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why do women get cardiovascular diseases later than men

A

Hormones protect them until menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is considered high BP

A

140/90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Primary HTN

A

Just have HTN

Most common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Secondary HTN

A

Due to another disease/drug. Can resolve with cause

-least common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prolonged HTN

A

Damages vessel walls

-arteriosclerosis, atherosclerosis, stroke, and CAD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Damaged vessels walls due to HTN cause risk of

A

Cardiac hypertrophy and failure, retinal exudates, and flame hemorrhage’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Injury to the vessel wall leads to

A

Remodeling

  • endothelial damage neointima formation
  • normal process of aging
  • exaggerated in HTN, hyperlipidemic states, and dm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Excessive vessel remodeling

A

Can lead to arteriosclerosis or atherosclerosis

-hardening and occlusion of arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

A patient presents to the clinic with a fever and complains of flu like symptoms. A full work up shows she has a BP of 145/95 and the flu. After several days, she has recovered from he flu and her BP is once again 119/79. This was an exmple of

A

Secondary HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Aginging process accerlated by HTN, usually in less severe HTN. Smooth muscles increase production of ECM, increased ECM narrows artery and reduced compliance

A

Hyaline arteriosclerosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
This is present in severe HTN, layers of ECM and new smooth muscle cells are produced, narrows vessel, reduces compliance, and causes vessel necrosis
Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
26
Which is present in bad HTN, hyaline arteriosclerosis or hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
Hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
27
What’s the difference between hyaline arteriosclerosis and hyperplastic arteriosclerosis
Hyperplastic is with bad HTN and causes the development of new smooth muscle, it looks like an onion
28
Atherosclerosis
Cholesterol deposits and angry macrophages, forms a weak, fibrous cap - weakens the vessels, if it ruptures, large clot can form - clot can break off and lodge elsewhere, pulmonary embolism, stroke, MI, retinal occlusion
29
Critical stenosis
Seen in corotid stenosis
30
Tx for vascular things like atherosclerosis and HTN
-lifestyle changes: exercise, weight loss, low salt, underlying disease -Cardiac: B blockers and Ca channel blockers -vessels: CCB -kidneys: diuretics -RAAS system: ACEI and ARBs -lipid metabolism: cholesterol lowering meds (statin)
31
Heart diseases
- Failure to pump (issue with the muscle contracting or relaxing) - Obstruction to flow (stenosis valve or systemic HTN increases workload) - Regurgitant flow (incompetent valves allow backward flow and increase volume) - Disorders of flow (rupture of vessels or shunted flow) - Disorders of conduction (arrhythmia)
32
Occurs when heart cannot maintains cardiac output OR can only maintain it at altered fillingpressure
Pump failure-heart failure
33
Systolic pump failure
Heart cannot generate enough force, due to ischemia or HTN
34
Diastolic pump failure
Heart cannot properly relax due to HTN, fibrosis or pericarditis
35
What can HTN cause
Pump failure
36
Which of the following would most likely result from HTN?
Cardiac hypertrophy
37
Lack of sufficient blood flow to the heart, can occur due to reduced blood flow to overworked muscle or a clot in the coronary circulation. Results in loss of heart muscle and production of non-contractile scar
``` Myocardial infarction (MI) Heart attack ```
38
What is MI usually preceded by
Periods of angina (chest pain), dyspnea, and confusion | -as heart muscle dies, biomarkers are released and can be examined
39
Treatment for MI
Restore blood flow by stent or bypass
40
Which of the folllowung would most likely happen during prolonged cardiac ischemia?
Cardiac necrosis
41
Which is the best lab to look at to see if someone had a MI?
Troponin
42
Left ventricle is cause of failure
Left sided heart failure
43
What is left sided heart failure
Left side cant pump what right gives it, volume builds up in lungs - increased volume increases pressure and causes pulmonary edema - increases workload on right heart
44
Right sided heart failure
- right side cant pump what the left gives it, volume build up in periphery - edema in the liver and legs - increases workload on left side
45
Where do you see edema in right sided heart failure
Liver and legs
46
Treatments for right/left sided heart failure
Reduce workload of heart - reduce BP or blood volume - Bblockers CCB and diuretics Increase contractility to increase CO and maintain function -cardiac glycosides, B agonistis Heart transplant is only cure -pretty rare to get one unless genetic disorder caused HF
47
A patient presents to the ER with a 100% blockage of their left anterior descending coronary artery. After bypass, blood flow is restored but significant heart tissue was lost. Which fo the following will occur first
Pulmonary edema
48
Obstruction to flow
- stenosis valves or HTN increase pressure required to move blood - lead to cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis
49
Regurgitant flow
- valves do not close properly, increase volume moving backwards - leads to dilation of heart
50
Disordered flow
- vessels abnormalities reduce flow to periphery | - aneurysms, coarcted aorta, patent ductus arteriosus
51
Treatments for flow abnormalities
- fix reason for altered blood flow - usually surgery and replace old valves with mechanical or animal valves - generally have to be replaced every couple of decades
52
A patient presents with a severely stenosis pulmonary valve. Which of the following would you expect on echocardiographic examination of the heart?
Right ventricular hypertrophy
53
Conduction abnormalities
Arrhythmia Most dangerous are ventricular fibrillation Most common are atrial fib
54
What si the most dangerous conduction abnormalities
Ventricular fibrillation | -need to shock to reset the heart
55
What is the most common conduction abnormality
Atrial fib - atria no longer contract in a coordinated way - will just tremble
56
Damage to the conducting system causes altered conduction pathways and irregular heart beats
Arrhythmia
57
Non-contracting atria have what effect on CO
Little effect | -atria only matter at high heart rates or in late heart failure
58
Lack of contraction in atria can cause what
Pooling of blood - clots can form on walls - can break off and embolism in coronary artery, brain, retina, etc
59
What should all afib patients be on
Anti-coagulant
60
While examining a 75yo patient he mentions the doctor has changed his medicine and added a “blood thinner”. He doesn’t like the sound of that and asks you if he should be taking it. You say yes because wit could help prevent
Pulmonary embolism Retinal ischemia Heart attack

Pathology Block 11 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions