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Pathology Block 11 > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

(78 cards)

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1
Q

Respiratory system components

A

Conducting portion and respiratory portion

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2
Q

Nasal cavity, nasopharyngeal, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles

A

Conducting portion

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3
Q

Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli

A

Respiratory portion of the resp system

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4
Q

Difficulty breathing

A

Dyspnea

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5
Q

Coughing up blood tinges sputum

A

Hemoptysis

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6
Q

Airway conduction is compromised (bronchitis, asthma)

A

Obstructive

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7
Q

Lung expansion is compromised (fibrosis)

A

Restrictive

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8
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the paranasal sinuses

A

Sinusitis

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9
Q

In adults, sinusitis most often occurs in what sinus

A

Maxillary

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10
Q

In children, sinusitis most likely effects which sinus

A

Ethmoid

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11
Q

Causes of sinusitis

A

URI-viral, bacterial
Deviated nasal septum
Smoking

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12
Q

Pathogen associated with sinusitis

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

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13
Q

Eye connection to sinusitis

A

Infection may cross the thin bone wall and spread to the orbit (cellulitis)

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14
Q

Clinical findings of sinusitis

A

Pain over the affected sinuses
Nasal congestion
Fever maybe
Post nasal drip causing cough

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15
Q

Dx of sinusitis

A 
X-rays 
CT scans (rarely done)
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16
Q

Inflammation of the larynx

A

Laryngitis

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17
Q

Symptoms of laryngitis

A

Viral or bacterial
Coarse voice, fever
Usually heals within days

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18
Q

Two types of laryngitis

A

Croup: barking cough in children, caused bu parainfluenza virus

Dyptheria: suffocation and death

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19
Q

Barking cough

A

Croup, laryngitis

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20
Q

Pharyngitis

A

Strep throat-pain, adenopathy, NO cough!!

-rapid strep test

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21
Q

Inflammation of the trachea and the bronchi

A

Tracheitis and bronchitis

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22
Q

Why is important to detect strep throat

A

Can cause heart problems

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23
Q

Inflammation of the lungs

A

Pneumonia

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24
Q

Community acquired pneumonia

A

Typical and atypical

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25
Classifications of pneumonia
Communit acquired | Nosocomial
26
Majority of pneumonia are caused by
Bacterial pathogens, STREPTOCOCCUS PENUMONIAE
27
Pathogfneisis of pneumonia
From pharynx or blood (rare)
28
Begins as acute bronchitis and spreads locally to the lungs, lower lobes or right middle lobe are usually involved
Bronchopneumonia
29
Complete or almost complete consolidation of a lobe of lung, complications, lung abscess, empyema (Pus), sepsis
Lobar pneumonia
30
Clinical findings in pneumonia
Sudden onset of high fever with productive cough Chest pain Tachycardia
31
Dx of pneumonia
Chest radiograph | -patchy infiltrates (brocnchopneumonia) or lobar consolidation
32
Lab findings of poneumonia
Positive gram stain of sputum or bone hail lovage Stain more useful than culture Neutrophilic leukocytes is Blood cultures positive in 20%
33
Type of pneumonia to affect young people that is more mild
Atypical community acquired pneumonia
34
Caused by mycoplasma pneumonia
Atypical community acquired pneumonia
35
Patchy interstitial pneumonia
Atypical community acquired pneumonia
36
Clinical findings of atypical community acquired pneumonia
``` Insidious onset Nonproductive cough Chest pain Flu like Walking pneumonia ```
37
Contracted by inhalation of mycobacterium tuberculosis
TB
38
Characteristics of mycobacterium tuberculosis
Strict aerobe Can be stained with acid-fast dye Cord factor is virulence factor
39
Screening for TB
- purified protein derivative (PPD) | - does not distinguish active from inactive disease
40
Measuring TB
Measure the papule, not the redness around it
41
Primary TB
- Initial contamination of lungs - small nodule develops - close to pleura - hilarious lymph nodes affected (Ghon complex) - usually resolves - some bacteria can remain and reinfect with weakened immune system
42
Secondary TB
Due to reactivation of a previous primary TB site or activation of silent state - invokes one or both apices in upper lobes - cavitation lesion
43
Clinical findings of TB
Fever Drenching night sweats Low fever
44
Complications of TB
Miliary spread to lungs
45
Dx of TB
Bronchoalveolar lavage best for staining and culture | Sputum cultures
46
Intraocular TB
Most commonly affects the uveal tract - anterior: granulomatous keratic precipitates, iris granuloma, cataract common - posterior: most common form. Solitary tubercle, miliary choroidal tubercles, or tuberculoma
47
Tubercles in the eye
Appear as ill defines, yellowish white elevates nodules, they vary in size from a pinpoint to several disc diameters in size
48
Dx of intraocular TB
Isolation of bacilli from the ocular tissue-difficulty, realrely done
49
Retinal TB
Involvement of the retina alone is uncommon, more frequently the retina is involved in the setting of choroidal TB as retinochoroiditis -causes scarring
50
Commonly known as the flu, is an infectious disease causes by the influenza virus
Influenza
51
Symptoms of influenza
- high fever, runny nose, sore throat, muscle and joint pain, HA, coughin, and feeling very tired - pain with eye movements is very typical - symptoms can be mild to severe
52
Antigen drift in influenza
Minor mutation, does not require new vaccine
53
Antigen shift in influenza
Major mutation, new vaccine required
54
When is flu vaccine mandatory
Over the age of 65
55
Progressive, irreversibly obstruction to airflow OUT of the lungs
COPD
56
Primary cause of COPD
Smoking
57
Tow conditions of COPD
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
58
Permanent enlargement of all or part of the respiratory unit
Emphysema
59
Causes of emphysema
Smoking | AAT deficiency
60
“Pink puffer”
Obstructive emphysema | -they have to use a lot of effort to breath out
61
Blue bloater
Chronic bronchitis - cyanotic skin - O2 saturation of the blood is decreased
62
Increased compliance, decreased elasticity
Emphysema
63
Cigarette smoke and emphysema
It is chemotactic to neutrophils and macrophages, neutrophils and macrophages accumulate int he respiratory unit and reals reactive oxygen species and elastase - imbalance between elastase and antielastases - radial traction is lost
64
Chronic inflammation of bronchial mucosal leafs to hypersecretion of mucus occurs in the Bronchi, obstruction to airflow from mucus plugs, irreversible fibrosis develops in chronically inflamed segmental bronchi
Chronic bronchitis
65
Productive cough for at least 3 months for 2 consecutive years
Chronic bronchitis
66
Loss of epithelium and presence of squamous metaplasia, mucus plugs in lumens, chronic inflamamtion and fibrosis narrowing the lumen
Chronic bronchitis
67
Causes of chronic bronchitis
Smoking | Cystic fibrosis
68
Findings if chronic bronchitis
``` Productive cough Cyanosis of skin Barrel chest Blue bloaters For pulmonae ```
69
Dx of chronic bronchitis
Chest radiograph
70
Episodic and reversible airway disease of bronchi, common in children, majority develop symptoms before 5 years of age
Bronchial astham
71
Pathology of bronchial astham
Thick bronchial BM | Smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia
72
Clinical findings of bronchial asthma
Dyspnea and episodic expiratory wheezing,, nocturnal cough
73
Expiratory wheezing
Bronchial asthma, sounds when breathing out
74
Nocturnal cough
Asthma
75
HS type for asthma
Type I HS
76
Initial sensitivity of asthma
To an inhales allergen stimulates induction of subset 2 helper T cells that release IL-4 and IL-5
77
IL-4 in asthma
Stimulates isotope swithcing to IgE Ab production from B lymphocytes
78
Second exposure in asthma
Antigen cross links IgE Ab on mast cells in the lungs - release of histamine and other preformed mediators - stimulation of bronchoconstriction, mucus production, influx of leukocytes

Pathology Block 11 (8 decks)

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