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Module 10 > Cardiovascular Pathology 3 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Pathology 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the definition of congenital

A

present at birth, as congenital anomaly or defect

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2
Q

what is the definition of hereditary

A

transmitted from parent to offspring; inborn; inherited

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3
Q

what is the definition of familial

A

present in some families and not others or occurs in more family members than would be expected by chance

usually but not always hereditary

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4
Q

what is the definition of acquired

A

originating after birth

not caused by hereditary or developmental factors but by a reaction to environmental influences outside of the organism

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5
Q

what are the 3 structures of fetal circulation

A
  1. foramen ovale: opening between atria which allows fetal blood to flow from right to left
  2. ductus arteriosus: connects the pulmonary artery and the aorta –> not so important to perfuse lungs in-utero
  3. ductus venosus: connects portal and umbilical veins to vena cava
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6
Q

what occurs at birth to the fetal circulation

A

at birth when lungs are oxygenated blood supply demands change, pressure changes force the foramen ovale closed immediately

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7
Q

identify the components of fetal circulation and its function

A
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8
Q

what are the 4 main categoies of congenital defects

A

1. failure of closure of fetal structures

2. septal defects (ASD, VSD)

3. great vessel defects

4. endocardial cushion defects

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9
Q

what are defects of the failure of closure of fetal structures

A

foramen ovale

ductus arteriosus

ductus venosus (liver)

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10
Q

what are septal defects

A

ASD

VSD

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11
Q

what are great vessel defects

A

defects of outflow tracts –> aortic or pulmonary valves

  • dysplasia: malformed or disorderly
  • stenosis: decreased lumen size
  • malposition/fusion of great vessels
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12
Q

what are endocardial cushion defects

A

dysplasia of mitral or tricuspid valves

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13
Q

what is shown here

A

patent foramen ovale

septum primum –> once pressure changes at birth pushes the primum down –> blood will flow from left to right

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14
Q

what is shown here

A

patent ductus arteriosus

joins the pulmonary arteries and the aorta

will be working much harder and will get hypertrophy of the right side

will end up with too much volume going to left side –> eccentric hypertrophy

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15
Q

what is shown here

A

patent ductus arteriosus

should become a fibrous structure –> ligamentum arteriosum

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16
Q

what are portocaval shunts

A
  1. congenital anomalies
  2. intra-hepatic
  3. extra-hepatic
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17
Q

what are portocaval shunt congenital anomalies

A

normal flow from portal vein is diverted to systemic circulation bypassing the liver

normal hepatic detoxification of portal flow incomplete

hepatic encephalopathy neurological signs (head pressing, teeth grinding, dullness, increased ammonia has effect on brain)

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18
Q

what are intra-hepatic portocaval shunts

A

persistent ductus venosus

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19
Q

what are extra-hepatic portocaval shunts

A

portocaval shunt

portoazygous shunt

little vessels around liver that will open up and let blood go around the liver and go the the vena cava directly

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20
Q

what is shown here

A

persistent ductus venosus

pale and small liver

probe going through the portal vein and goes straight into the vena cava and not through the liver at all

blood not detoxified at all

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21
Q

what is atrial septal defect and what is the pathology

A

opening between atria

will get mixing of blood which heads into the lungs

in neonate –> increased blood flow LEFT to RIGHT atrium

volume overload –> increased central venous pressure (Right atrial pressure) –> right ventricle dilates a

if significant pulmonary hypertension develops –> flow reversed, cyanosis develops

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22
Q

what is shown here

A

atrial septal defect

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23
Q

what is shown here

Study These Flashcards
A

atrial distention

edematous lungs –> pulmonary congestion, dark and red

depends on the extent of septal defect –> some animals will only have mild signs as they grow but with increased activity there will be increased clinical signs

24
Q

what is shown here

Study These Flashcards
A

bovine ventricular septal defect

right below aortic outflow

25
what is the significance of VSD dependent on
1. size of defect 2. pulmonic vascular resistance relative to systemic resistance 3. left to right shunt
26
what is left ventricular output maintained by in VSD
1. increased end diastolic volume 2. increased contractility (Frank-Starling mechanism)
27
which ventricles hypertrophy in VSD
both but left more obviously eccentric
28
what eventually occurs in VSD
pulmonary hypertension (reversal of shunt, cyanosis, death) Eisenmenger complex
29
what is VSD shunt reversal
30
what are endocardial cushion defects
valvular defects: increased pressure pushing blood --\> failure of forward flow -insufficiency (regurgitation) --\> mitral dysplasia, tricuspid dysplasia
31
what are great vessel defects
stenosis (outflow obstruction) - aortic stenosis - pulmonic stenosis
32
what is shown here
AV valve dysplasia -distorted leaflets, short chordae valve insufficient, R atrium enlarged R ventrcile hypertrophied
33
what are the forms of aortic stenosis
1. subaortic fibrous ridge = most common 2. subaortic stenosis = second most common inherited heart disease in dogs mostly in large pure bred dogs
34
what is shown here
outflow tract obstruction trying to push blood hard through aorta --\> concentric hypertrophy blood squirting through thiner lumen --\> dilation through aorta see jet lesions (damage to endocardium)
35
what is shown here
subaortic stenosis jet lesion: can end up with fibrosis or mineralization (chronic indicator)
36
what is shown here
pulmonic stenosis fibrosis narrowing of lumen the ventricle works harder --\> thick right ventricle the PA has a bulge and jet lesions
37
what are left to right shunts (4) and what do they cause
congenital abnormality 1. patent ductus arteriosus 2. atrial septal defects 3. ventricular septal defects 4. atrioventricular canal **extra blood flows through the lungs**
38
what is tetralogy of Fallot
1. over-riding (dextraposed) aorta (moved to right) 2. ventricular septal defect (immediately under the aorta) 3. pulmonary stenosis: obstruction of R outflow 4. right ventricular hypertrophy: right ventricle works too hard **3 primary changes and 1 secondary change**
39
what does tetralogy of Fallot
pulmonary stenosis determines severity deoxygenated blood enters systemic circulation cyanosis **too little blood flows to the lungs**
40
what is shown
tetralogy of fallot narrowing of pulmonary valve --\> very hard to get blood to lungs the right ventricle works hard and undergoes secondary hypertrophy mixing of blood
41
what is shown here
tetralogy of fallot thickened RV stenosis of pulmonary valve determines severity of tetralogy of fallot
42
list the congenital CV defects (7)
1. PDA: patent ductus arteriosus 2. patent foramen ovale 3. ASD: atrial septal defect 4. VSD: ventricular septal defect 5. AV canal: endocardial cushion defect 6. PS: pulmonic stenosis: 7. SAS: subaortic stenosis
43
what are common congenital defects in dogs
PDA, PS, SAS
44
what are common congenital defects in cats
mitral dysplasia, AV canal
45
what are common congenital defects in cattle
ASD, VSD, TGV
46
what are common congenital defects in pigs
SAS, AV canal
47
what are common congenital defects in horses
uncommon
48
what are congenital vascular anomalies
abnormal arterial or venous connections 1. persistent right aortic arch 2. portosystemic shunts: include persistent ductus venosus
49
what is persistent right aortic arch and what does it cause
normally everything should develop on left side of heart --\> when ductus arteriosus closes it leaves a fibrous band between the aorta and the pulmonary artery --\> doesn't really matter because they are on the same side (left) BUT if aorta develops from right aortic arch it will be across the midline --\> fibrous band will collapse the soft structures between esophagus --\> okay in neonates because milk based diet --\> when on solid food, obstruction, regurgitation --\> megaesophagus
50
what is shown here
calf with persistent right aortic arch fibrous strip normally on same side as pulmonary artery
51
what is shown here
persistent right aortic arch vascular ring
52
what is shown here
dog vascular ring
53
which category of lesion does pulmonic stenosis fall into
congenital defects --\> great vessel defect tetralogy of fallot
54
what are the primary and secondary changes with pulmonic stenosis
tetralogy of fallot 1. over-riding (dextraposed) aorta 2. ventricular septal defect 3. pulmonic stenosis (obstruction of R outflow) 4. right ventricular hypertrophy
55
why does a persistent right aortic arch result in a regurgitating dog explain using a diagram
56
list the congenital anomalies resulting in a left to right shift
abnormal arterial or venous connections 1. persistent right aortic arch 2. portosystemic shunts: include persistent ductus venosus
57
which congenital anomaly causes right to left shift? list the 4 components of this anomaly and which component represents a secondary response
tetralogy of fallot 1. over-riding (dextraposed) aorta 2. ventricular septal defects 3. pulmonic stenosis (obstruction of R outflow) 4. right ventricular hypertrophy (secondary change)

Module 10 (27 decks)

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