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Module 10 > Diagnostic Imaging of Heart > Flashcards

Diagnostic Imaging of Heart Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

what info does radiography provide about heart (4)

A
  1. overall size
  2. shape (chamber enlargement)
  3. location
  4. evidence of congestive failure (pulmonary edema)
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2
Q

what does radiography of the heart not show (3)

A
  1. internal structures of the heart (valve, leaflets, ventricular septum)
  2. myocardial function
  3. valve incompetence
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3
Q

what info does ultrasound of the heart provide

A
  1. chamber size
  2. myocardial function
  3. blood flow and leakage through valves
  4. disease of internal cardiac structures
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4
Q

what does ultrasound not provide

A

less useful for evidence of congestive failure

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5
Q

what does full assessment of the heart require

A

both radiography and echocardiography

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6
Q

identify the structures of the thorax

A

heart

red: aorta (dorsal caudal)
white: trachea (ending over the heart base where it divides, gas filled)
yellow: bronchi (large)
blue: pulmonary vessels (large)
orange: caudal vena cava

can’t really see mediastinum or esophagus (unless dilated)

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7
Q

what are the strucutres of

A

heart

red: aorta (superimposed from spine)
white: trachea (swings slightly to right of midline in cranial thorax but most is underneath spine)
yellow: bronchi (large)
blue: pulmonary vessels (large)
orange: caudal vena cava (going across from diaphragm to the heart on right side of midline)

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8
Q

what is roentgen signs of the heart radiograph

A
  1. size
  2. shape
  3. opacity
  4. margins
  5. location
  6. number
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9
Q

what radiograph views are the heart best asses on

A

right lateral recumbency

dorsoventral radiographs

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10
Q

what is the number of intercostal spaces the heart size is in the dog and cat

A

dog: 3-3.5
cat: 2-3

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11
Q

what is the height of the thorax in the dog and cat

A

~2/3 in both dog and cat

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12
Q

what is the width of the thorax in the dog and cat

A

dog: 1/2-2/3
cat: 1/2-2/3

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13
Q

what is the position of the heart in the dog and cat (3)

A
  1. middle mediastinum
  2. 4-6th intercostal space
  3. degree of sternal contact partially depends on breed

(shadow not picture)

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14
Q

is this dog or cat thorax

A

dog

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15
Q

is this the dog or cat

A

cat

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16
Q

what is this radiograph showing (height of thorax, intercostal spaces)

A

yellow: >2/3 height of thorax (with elavation of trachea –> trachea is running parallel to thoracic vertebrae)
red: > 3.5 intercostal spaces covered

heart is too large

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17
Q

what is the clock position of the left atrium in RLR

A

12-3

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18
Q

what is the clock position of the left ventricle in RLR

A

3-5

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19
Q

what is the clock position of the right ventricle in RLR

A

5-8

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20
Q

what is the clock position of the right atrium in RLR

A

8-10

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21
Q

what is the clock position of the great vessels in RLR

A

10-12

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22
Q

summarize the heart shape in RLR in the clock analogy

A

12-3: LA

3-5: LV

5-8: RV

8-10: RA

10-12: great vessels

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23
Q

what is the heart shape in clock analogy

Study These Flashcards
A

11-1: aortic arch

1-2: pulmonary artery

2-3: left auricular apeendage

3-5: left ventricule

5-9: right ventricle

9-11: right atrium

(5-7 on top of right ventricle = left atrium)

24
Q

how do you calculate the vertebral heart score

Study These Flashcards
A

X + Y = VHS

base of heart to the apex of the heart and then the widest part –> count the number of verticle bodies each line covers and add them up

25
what is the approx vertebral heart score in dogs and cats
dogs: ~8.7-10.7 cats: ~7.5-8.5
26
what does vertebral heart score not take into account
breed variations don't use sole assessment of size
27
what are the different echocardiograph modes
1. B mode: shows slice of anatomy 2. M-mode: functional measurements 3. doppler: quantitative and qualitative assessment of blood flow
28
what does M-mode of ultrasound show
movement or contraction of structures over time allows measurement of myocardial contractility --\> assessment of myocardial function \*shows how much ventricle wall is contracting and thinning during diastole and systole --\> can calculate the % of the muscle is thickening and gives indication of myocardial function
29
what is doppler imaging
reflection of sound from moving object = change in frequency allows measurement of blood flow
30
what are the colour of doppler imaging
BART blue away and red towards
31
whats the difference between pulse and continuous doppler imaging
pulse: very percise under 1m/sec continuous: less percise but can measure faster velocities
32
how is the heart scanned
lateral recumbency --\> right and left the lung will sink to lower thoracic wall (ultrasound doesn't do well with gas) scan from underneath (heart nearer dependent wall of thorax --\> less interposed pulmonary tissue, hole in ultrasound table, scan right side of chest with patient in right lateral recumbency) - small transducer (must fit between ribs) - connect to ECG avoid sedation if possible (affects myocardial contraction)
33
what is the right parasternal approach
most widely used scanning --\> place transducer on apex beat of heart on right thoracic wall
34
what info does right parasternal approach provide
1. chamber sizes 2. myocardial function 3. valve function
35
what are the scan planes of right parasternal approach
1. cross sections/short axis 2. long sections/long axis
36
what is the limitations of right parasternal approach
difficult to image all chambers together
37
what are the short axis views of right parasternal approach
38
what view is this
right parasternal short axis view of left ventricle looks like mushroom
39
what view is this
right parasternal short axis view mitral valve --\> fishmouth view right ventricle on top
40
what view is this
right parasternal short axis --\> pulmonary artery with the pulmonary valve tricky view to get --\> interference with lungs
41
what are right parasternal long axis views
42
what view is this
right parasternal long axis view of left atrium and mitral valve
43
what view is this
right parasternal long axis of aorta
44
what is the left apical views and what is it useful for
pateint in left lateral recumbency scan from dependent left thoracic wall good "end on" views through: mitral and tricuspid valves (four chamber), aortic outflow (five chamber) good for accurate measurements of blood flow velocities
45
what view is this
can see tricuspid and mitral valves
46
what are myocardial diseases
1. dilated cardiomyopathy: reduced myocardial contractility, decreased cardiac output and dilation of chambers (common in large breed dogs) 2. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: decreased capacity of ventricles, reduced cardiac output (common in cats)
47
what are valvular diseases
1. dysplasia (abnormal development) 2. infection (endocarditis) 3. leakage of valves and chamber dilation
48
what are pericardial disease
1. fluid in pericardial sac --\> prevents proper filling of heart chamber (esp. right ventricle) and reduces cardiac output
49
what is shown here
dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) large heart, DV would show much more than 2/3 of thorax the heart should curve in towards the tracheal bifurcation bulge in this area (12-3) --\> left atria
50
what is shown here
dilated cardiomyopathy - M mode not much contraction
51
what is shown here
dilated cardiomyopathy - B mode should look like mushroom --\> barely see the papillary muscles --\> dilated
52
what is shown here
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) --\> valentine's heart trachea is still deviating heart doesn't look tall --\> maybe less ovoid shape wall is thickening, narrowing inside of heart --\> overall size of heart doesn't increase but you get shape change better seen on DV enlargement of atria
53
what is shown here
left ventricle should be mushroom shape ventricular walls are very thick --\> narrowing of lumen --\> reduced stroke volume --\> heart failure
54
what is shown here
mitral valve disease (endocardiosis) cardiomegaly with left atrial enlargement significant bulging in region of left atria common in CKS
55
what is shown here
mitral valve disease ventricle and atrium are same size blood leaking from mitral valve back into ventricle
56
what is shown here
pericardial effusion sharply marginated (sharp edges) static cardiac silhouette no significant left atrial enlargement globoid shape tracheal elavation
57
what is occuring here
pericardial effusion sac of fluid

Module 10 (27 decks)

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