Cardiovascular Pharmacology Introduction

Question 1

What is blood pressure

Answer 1

Refers to the pressure of circulating blood on the walls of blood vessels (especially, in the aorta and large arteries )

Question 2

Blood pressure is needed for what

Answer 2

Needed to push the blood through the arterioles, capillaries and veins to perfume to different tissues

Question 3

Arterial BP is measured in what

Answer 3

Millimeters of mercury (mmHg)

Question 4

What are the two arterial BP values

Answer 4

Systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure

Question 5

Systolic blood pressure represents what

Answer 5

The peak value, which is achieved during cardiac contraction

Question 6

Diastolic blood pressure represents what

Answer 6

The nadir value, which is achieved after contraction when the cardiac chambers are filling

Question 7

What is the effect of a great decrease in BP

Answer 7

Question 8

What is the effect of increase in blood pressure

Answer 8

Question 9

What is the hydraulic equation

Answer 9

BP = CO x PVR

Question 10

What are the main factors affecting blood pressure

Answer 10

Peripheral vascular resistance
Cardiac output

Question 11

What is peripheral vascular resistance

Answer 11

Question 12

PVR is affected by what (3 factors)

Answer 12

Question 13

How does vasoconstriction occur in vascular smooth muscle

Answer 13

Question 14

Vasodilation can be initiated by what two processes

Answer 14

Question 15

The vascular endothelium and local vasomotor control by what

Answer 15

Question 16

What are the endogenous compounds that control vascular tone

Answer 16

Question 17

What is the effect of nitric oxide

Answer 17

Question 18

What is the effect of endothelin

Answer 18

Question 19

What is the effect of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Answer 19

Question 20

What are the other factors that control vascular tone

Answer 20

Question 21

What is cardiac output

Answer 21

Question 22

Heart rate is controlled by what

Answer 22

Question 23

What is stroke volume and what it depends on

Answer 23

Question 24

What is preload

Answer 24

Question 25

What is after load

Answer 25

Question 26

What are the other factors affecting BP

Answer 26

Postural baroreflex Renal response to decreased blood pressure

Question 27

Baroreflexes are responsible for what

Answer 27

Question 28

Where are baroreceptirs located and what are they for

Answer 28

Question 29

Baroreceptors can respond to what

Answer 29

Question 30

Baroreflex induced changes in blood pressure are mediated by what

Answer 30

The autonomic nervous system (parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves)

Question 31

What is the key factors in dealing with postural hypotension

Answer 31

Question 32

Explain the renal response to decreased blood pressure as the factor that effects BP

Answer 32

Question 33

Renin is released from where

Answer 33

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 34

Renin release is stimulated by what

Answer 34

Question 35

Renin acts upon what

Answer 35

Question 36

Angiotensin converting enzyme also degrades what

Answer 36

Question 37

What are the several cardiovascular-renal actions of angiotensin II

Answer 37

Question 38

What does overactivity of the renin-angiotensin system contribute to

Answer 38

Question 39

What is involved in the regulation of arterial BP

Answer 39

Central and autonomic nervous system

Question 40

Explain the receptors located on the presynaptic surface of sympathetic terminals that regulates arterial BP

Answer 40

Question 41

Explain the receptors located on the post synaptic surface of sympathetic terminals that regulates arterial BP

Answer 41