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human physiology and exercise > cardiovascular response to exercise > Flashcards

cardiovascular response to exercise Flashcards

1
Q

describe how mean arterial pressure is regulated

A
  • any change is detected by mechanosensors
  • set point controlled by medulla
  • to restore optimum the heart rate and peripheral resistance is altered
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2
Q

describe baroreceptors

A
  • detect blood pressure on beat to beat basis
  • located in cartoid bodies and aortic arch
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3
Q

how do receptors interact with effectors?

A
  • via the medulla oblongata (primary cardiovascular control centre)
  • signals sent to control heart
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4
Q

what changes when blood pressure changes?

A
  • baroreceptor firing frequency
    ^ arterial pressure = ^ firing rate of arterial baroreceptor
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5
Q

when arterial pressure is too high what happens?

A
  • decrease sympathetic outflow to heart, arterioles and veins
  • increased parasympathetic outflow to heart
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6
Q

describe what happens when there is a fall in blood pressure

A
  • cartoid/ aortic baroreceptors detect a hypotensive stimuli
  • decrease in afferent baroreceptor nerve firing
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7
Q

what happens to the systems when blood pressure falls ?

A
  • reduction in neural input to brainstem
  • decrease in parasympathetic nerve activity to heart
  • increase in sympathetic outflow to heart and vasculature
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8
Q

what is the mean arterial pressure?

A

90mmHg

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9
Q

how are blood volume and blood pressure linked?

A
  • if kidney has high urinary loss of sodium and water due to an increased arterial pressure then plasma volume decreases
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10
Q

describe changes during exercise

A
  • ^venous pressure
    _ ^ end diastolic volume
  • ^ stroke volume
  • ^ cardiac output
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11
Q

how do you work our mean systemic arterial pressure?

A

MAP= cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR)

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12
Q

what factors increase end diastolic volume?

A
  • increase in venous return
  • muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
  • sympathetic stimulation
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13
Q

what is the difference in time taken for cardiovascular responses compared to kidneys?

A

cardio response in seconds compared to kidneys that take hours

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14
Q

describe neural controls

A
  • vasoconstrictors= sympathetic nerves
  • vasodilators= neurons release nitric oxide
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15
Q

describe hormonal control

A
  • vasoconstrictors; epinephrine, angiotensin II+ vasopressin
  • vasodilators; epinephrine, atrial natriuretic, peptide
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16
Q

describe local control

A
  • vasoconstrictors = internal blood pressure (myogenic), endothelin- 1
  • vasodilators= decreased oxygen, K+, C02, H+, osmolarity, adenosine, nitric oxide
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17
Q

what is a maximum oxygen uptake V02 max testing?

A
  • aerobic endurance or power
18
Q

what do submaximal tests assess?

A
  • physiological responses to a standardised workload
19
Q

what is steady state exercise?

A
  • level of exercise at which the physiological responses remain relatively stable for an extended period of time
20
Q

what are the three factors that govern steady state exercise?

A
  • delivery of adequate oxygen to working muscles
  • ability of cells to utilise the oxygen in the aerobic process of energy metabolism
    -ability to eliminate heat
21
Q

why are physiological responses of ventilation, oxygen consumption and cardiac output similar?

A
  • involves four phases
22
Q

summarise ventilation stages

A
  • initial rapid rise in 1st min
  • more gradual rise from min 1-3
  • plateau at 3-5 mins
  • drift from 1 hour to 4 hours
23
Q

what is the initial rise in ventilation explained by?

A
  • central command as motor cortex signals respiratory control centre to increase ventilation
24
Q

what further act during the initial rise?

A
  • mechanoreceptors
  • in muscles/ limbs they detect movement and physical deformation
25
Q

what is the subsequent gradual rise explained by?

A
  • fine- tuning of respiratory neurons in response to central command and feedback control
  • from arterial chemoreceptors in carotid/ aortic bodies
26
Q

what is the initial rise in cardiac output explained by?

A
  • central command, which is also inputted from mechanoreceptors in muscles (feedback control)
27
Q

what are chemoreceptors responsible for relating to cardiac output?

A
  • secondary gradual rise to steady state
  • found in muscles
28
Q

what is cardiac output secondly explained by?

A

Starling effect whereby when venous return of blood to heart increases, myofilaments are stretched to a more optimal overlap
- greater strength of contraction occurs

29
Q

describe metaboreflex

A
  • during exercise muscle metabolism ^ causing metabolites to accumulate in the muscle e.g. lactic acid
  • receptors detect this sending afferent info to the brain as a result sympathetic nerve activity decreases
30
Q

describe nerve activity during exercise

A
  • sympathetic activity increases whilst parasympathetic decreases
31
Q

what factors change during exercise? what does this result in and affect?

A
  • increases heart rate, dilates arterioles to working muscles and constricts veins (feedback/ feedforward)
  • results in blood redistribution
  • affects heart rate and venules+ veins
32
Q

describe redistribution of cardiac output during exercise

A
  • more blood supply to skeletal muscle, skin and heart
  • blood flow to digestive system decreases
  • blood flow to brain remains constant
33
Q

why does blood flow to brain remain constant?

A
  • autoregulation ; fixed volume of cranial cavity cannot accommodate large increases in blood flow
34
Q

why is blood increased to skeletal muscle?

A
  • increase supply of oxygen available and removal of metabolic waste
35
Q

why is blood increased to the skin?

A
  • increased dissipation of heat
  • thermoregulation
36
Q

why is blood supply to the heart increased?

A
  • more need for 02 supply
37
Q

describe peripheral resistance during exercise

A
  • combination of vasodilation and vasoconstriction overall reduce total peripheral resistance
  • vasoconstriction in rest of body ^ peripheral resistance ^ sympathetic stimulation
38
Q

why is peripheral resistance decreased?

A
  • vasodilation in muscles, heart and skin
39
Q

is cardiac output larger in trained people?

A
  • yes
40
Q

through training does maximal heart rate change?

A
  • yes, trained people have a lower heart rate for a given workload
41
Q

how does stroke volume change in trained people?

A
  • increases ; only way of producing a higher maximal cardiac output

human physiology and exercise (18 decks)

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