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human physiology and exercise > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the central nervous system?

A
  • brain and spinal cord
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2
Q

what does the central nervous system do?

A
  • interprets incoming information
  • issues orders
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3
Q

what makes up peripheral nervous system? what is included?

A
  • everything outside spine/ skull
  • motor and sensory neuron
  • ganglion
  • 31 pairs of spinal nerves
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4
Q

describe nerves in peripheral nervous system

A
  • motor impulse from brain and spinal cord to periphery
  • sensory impulse from periphery to brain and spinal cord
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5
Q

what is the difference between CNS and PNS when damaged?

A
  • CNS poor at fixing itself
  • PNS is plastic i.e. can regrow after damage
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6
Q

what are neurons? what do they connect?

A
  • bundles of axons that connect CNS to rest of body
  • contain dendrites and synaptic terminals
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7
Q

what are glial cells?

A
  • clusters of cells associated with nerves
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8
Q

what are the two main roles of glial cells?

A
  • form myelin sheath
  • helps maintain interstitial ionic environment
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9
Q

what are motor nerves?

A

efferent nerves that carry impulses to skeletal muscle

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10
Q

what are sensory nerves?

A

afferent nerves that carry impulses towards central nervous system from periphery

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11
Q

what is the somatic nervous system and what does it control?

A
  • controls voluntary movement
  • peripheral nerves exit spinal cord; stimulation of these cause contraction of muscles
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12
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system ?

A
  • controls glands, cardio and smooth muscle
  • maintains internal environment
  • involuntary movement
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13
Q

what are the divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  • sympathetic
  • parasympathetic
  • work together to keep internal system in balance
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14
Q

what is the parasympathetic system?

A
  • calms body
  • inhibits effector organs
    ‘ rest and digest’
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15
Q

what is the sympathetic system?

A
  • utilised in stressful situations to excite effector organs
  • flight or fight
    e.g. increases HR
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16
Q

what are the five sensory systems?

A
  • visual
  • auditory
  • olfactory (smell)
  • gustatory (taste)
  • tactile sensation (touch)
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17
Q

what are the two sensory systems that we are unaware of?

A
  • vestibular= sense of head movement in space
  • proprioceptive= sensations from muscles and joints
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18
Q

what is the flow of sensory information?

A

sensory input - receptors monitor change
integration- information is processed
motor output- effector organs are activated

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19
Q

what are the two reasons that movement occurs ?

A
  • in response to external stimulus
  • directly at an external stimulus
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20
Q

where does the circuit start?

A
  • sensory input from receptors due to stimulus
  • info sent by afferent nerves and decision made after info processed
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21
Q

what is the motor output?

A
  • effector organ
  • muscles or glands activated
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22
Q

what is the difference between afferent and efferent?

A

afferent = towards brain; efferent= away from brain

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23
Q

what are the main structures of a neuron?

A
  • cell body
  • dendrites
  • axons
  • synapse
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24
Q

what are dendrites?

A

part of neuron that conducts impulse to cell body
- filaments on cell body that branch profusely

25
Q

what are axons?

A

long slender projection from cell body; carry impulse from body

26
Q

what are synapses?

A

gap between axons of one neuron and dendrite of another

27
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

contains DNA of the cell for protein synthesis

28
Q

what is myelin?

A

fatty layer that makes electrical signals pass quicker

29
Q

what is the cell body?

A
  • central part
  • contains nucleus
30
Q

what are axon terminals?

A

contact dendrites of other neurons so information passed through nervous system

31
Q

what are Schwann cells?

A
  • support and surround neurons in peripheral nervous system
32
Q

what is a saltatory conduction?

A

faster type of conduction as jump from one node to the next

33
Q

what is a nerve impulse?

A
  • electrical signal conducted along a neuron which can be transmitted to another neuron or end organ e.g. group of muscle fibres
34
Q

what is an action potential?

A
  • electrical signal that passes info from cell body to axon terminals
35
Q

what does dendritic pattern indicate?

A
  • indicates number of inputs received by a neuron
36
Q

what changes when the signal arrives at dendrites?

A
  • electrical charge of cell changes
37
Q

what happens if the charge reaches a set point?

A
  • if the charge reaches the threshold, an action potential is formed and travels down axon
38
Q

what is the all or none law?

A

if a nerve is stimulated and reaches its threshold it will cause an impulse

39
Q

what happens to the strength of an action potential as it travels?

A

nothing the impulse will stay the same no mater magnitude of stimuli

40
Q

how do neurons communicate?

A
  • sends chemical neurotransmitters across a synapse
41
Q

what is info coded by?

A
  • rate of firing of action potentials
  • single punctuate event
42
Q

what are neurotransmitters?

A

chemical used for communication between a neuron and another cell

43
Q

what holds the neurotransmitters in pre- synaptic cell?

A
  • synaptic vesicles
44
Q

what happens when the action potential reaches axon terminals?

A
  • causes an influx of calcium ions
45
Q

what does the calcium influx trigger?

A

synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitters to bind to membrane and release contents into synaptic cleft

46
Q

what do these neurotransmitters do?

A

bind to complementary receptors on dendrites of next neuron

47
Q

describe how information travels down the neuron

A
  1. signals arrive at dendrites
  2. once charge reaches a threshold an action potential travels down the axon
  3. info is coded by rate of firing
48
Q

how is info transferred between neurons? step by step

A
  • chemical
    1. once an AP reaches axon terminal, Ca released
    2. Synaptic vesicles bind to membrane and release NTs into synaptic cleft
    3. NTs bind to specialist receptors on dendrites
49
Q

difference between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

excitatory= increases charge
inhibitory= decreases charge

50
Q

what are excitatory postsynaptic potential?

A
  • depolarisation of postsynaptic membrane caused by an excitatory impulse
51
Q

what are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials?

A
  • hyperpolarisation of postsynaptic membrane caused by an inhibitory impulse
52
Q

what are glial cells?

A
  • cells maintain homeostasis, form myelin and support neurons
53
Q

what shape does a astrocyte have?

A
  • star shape
54
Q

what are the 6 roles of astrocytes?

A
  • regulate ion conc. around neurons
  • release chemicals that alter blood flow
    = Vasomodulation
  • provides scaffolding for neurons for structural support
  • take up neurotransmitters released during synaptic transmission
  • nervous system repair as fill spaces to form glial scars
  • maintains blood- brain barrier
55
Q

what are the two functions of oligodendrocyte?

A
  • forms myelin sheath on axons in CNS (fatty protein rich)
  • each one can myelinate up to 50 axons
56
Q

what are Schwann cells and what happens if they are damaged?

A
  • myelinating schwann cells wrap cell membranes around axons
  • if damaged it results in nerve degeneration
57
Q

what are the two roles of Schwann cells?

A
  • regeneration after nerve injury
  • myelin allows propagating faster
58
Q

what are the two roles of microglia?

A
  • acts as scavenger cell
  • phagocytise (internalises) plaques and damaged neurons
59
Q

what are the three roles of ependymal cells?

A
  • makes up thin ependyma membrane
  • lines ventricular system and spinal cord
  • secretes cerebrospinal fluid

human physiology and exercise (18 decks)

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