Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is the #1 killer in the US?

Answer 1

Cardiovascular disease

Question 2

What are the components of the CVS?

Answer 2

Heart and blood vessels

Question 3

What region holds the heart, esophagus, and trachea?

Answer 3

Mediastinum

Question 4

Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

Answer 4

R side, through SVC and IVC

Question 5

Name the valve between atrium and ventricle on left and right side of heart

Answer 5

Right: tricuspid Left: bicuspid/mitral/AV

Question 6

What is hematocrit?

Answer 6

Percentage of RBCs in given volume of blood (determines viscosity)

Question 7

What are the most abundant WBCs?

Answer 7

Neutrophils

Question 8

Explain diapedesis

Answer 8

WBCs leave blood vessels by squeezing through simple squamous lining. Monocytes become big macrophages after leaving the blood vessel

Question 9

How much blood enters and leaves the heart every minute?

Answer 9

About 5.5 liters

Question 10

What is in plasma?

Answer 10

90% water, then dissolved substances, ions: Na, Ca, H, OH, bicarb, antibodies, clotting factors, enzymes

Question 11

What is in the buffy coat (between RBCs and plasma)

Answer 11

WBCs and platelets

Question 12

What do B-lymptocytes do?

Answer 12

Make and secrete antibodies

Question 13

What do T-lymphocytes do?

Answer 13

Destroy virally-infected cells and cancerous cells if they have signal proteins

Question 14

Describe the tunica interna

Answer 14

(intima) endotherlium faces lumen of blood vessels

Question 15

Describe the tunica media

Answer 15

smooth muscle for vasoconstriction and vasodilation, with a layer of epithelial and nervous tissue

Question 16

Describe the tunica externa

Answer 16

Superficial, mostly CT with a lot of collagen and elastic fibers and nerves and lymphatic vessels. These CTs anchor the blood vessel

Question 17

What is the radial pulse caused by?

Answer 17

The stretch and recoil of the artery’s tunicas

Question 18

What’s the aortic reflex?

Answer 18

A fall in blood pressure due to peripheral vasodilation and cardiac inhibition

Question 19

What’s the carotid sinus reflex?

Answer 19

High blood pressure stimulates baroreceptors, send signals to medulla oblongata, so increases parasympathetic which decreases HR

Question 20

Describe what happens with an aneurism

Answer 20

A ballooning out of an artery wall where blood has seeped between layers of the tunicas

Question 21

Describe the 3 ways to get low pressure blood to the heart

Answer 21

1. Pressure changes in chest and abdominal cavity during breathing 2. “Milking” action of muscle movement 3. One-way valves

Question 22

Name 3 circulatory systems

Answer 22

Systemic, pulmonary, coronary

Question 23

What is the diameter of the aorta?

Answer 23

1 inch/2.5 cm

Question 24

What does the brachiocephalic trunk branch into?

Answer 24

the brachiocephalic artery, which is divided into the R subclavian artery and the R common carotid artery

Question 25

What branches to the left off the aorta?

Answer 25

L subclavian artery and L common carotid artery

Question 26

What is the "lub-dub" sound from?

Answer 26

The closing of valves: lub: tricuspid and bicuspid dub: aortic and pulmonary

Question 27

What happens during diastole?

Answer 27

Both atria fill with blood

Question 28

What happens during systole?

Answer 28

Both ventricles contract

Question 29

What is systolic and diastolic pressure?

Answer 29

Pressure against the walls of the blood vessels during those phases of the cardiac cycle

Question 30

Define hemostasis

Answer 30

Process to prevent and stop bleeding. First stage of wound healing

Question 31

What's step 1 in hemostasis?

Answer 31

Vasoconstriction- smooth muscle in tunica media contracts to reduce blood leaving vessel

Question 32

What's step 2 in hemostasis?

Answer 32

Collagen in tunica externa unravels and triggers platelets that originate in red bone marrow to come to the site. When exposed to collagen platelets get "sticky"

Question 33

What's step 3 in hemostasis?

Answer 33

Coagulation: clotting factors, RBCs, and platelets form temporary plug/fiber mesh

Question 34

How is calcium ion involved in hemostasis?

Answer 34

It is a cofactor for clotting factors: a fine balance of calcium in blood is necessary (9-11mg/100mL blood) because you don't want to clot too fast or for it to take too long

Question 35

Why are blood calcium levels needed at 9-11mg/100mL blood?

Answer 35

1. for nerve impulses to be generated/transmitted 2. For muscular contraction 3. For coagulation to occur in a timely matter

Question 36

What do blood thinners do?

Answer 36

Stops clotting factors/diminishes formation of clot/plug

Question 37

What binds calcium to stop clotting when collecting blood in a vial?

Answer 37

citrate/EDTA

Question 38

What 2 sources control contraction of the heart?

Answer 38

intrinsic: specialized cardiac cells like SA node, AV node, etc and extrinsic: vagus nerve- slows HR down

Question 39

What is perfusion?

Answer 39

exchange of gas, glucose, amino acids, and waste between tissue cells and capillary beds