Urinary system

Question 1

What makes up the urinary system?

Answer 1

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, bladder, urethra

Question 2

How many nephrons does each kidney have?

Answer 2

about 1 million

Question 3

How much blood plasma gets filtered by the kidneys each day?

Answer 3

180L

Question 4

How much is an average amount of pee/day?

Answer 4

1L

Question 5

What happens to substances in the renal tubule?

Answer 5

It gets excreted

Question 6

What happens to substances in the peritubular capillaries?

Answer 6

It gets reabsorbed back into bloodstream

Question 7

How does urine descend the ureters?

Answer 7

Mostly by peristalsis but also assisted by gravity

Question 8

How do kidneys keep BP in range?

Answer 8

by controlling sodium channels. If they secrete sodium, water will follow and reduce blood volume and thus blood pressure. If they reabsorb sodium, water follows and blood volume increases as well as BP

Question 9

What happens with diuretics?

Answer 9

Cause more water to go into renal tubule and stay there

Question 10

If blood pressure gets too low from diuretics… how can that effect your heart?

Answer 10

HR will increase to abnormal pace (tachycardia)

Question 11

What is the normal osmolarity of blood?

Answer 11

290 mOsm/L

Question 12

When do kidneys secrete EPO?

Answer 12

When oxygen is decreased out of range. It stimulates RBC maturation

Question 13

How does renin increase blood pressure?

Answer 13

Renin helps kidneys reabsorb Na ions when blood pressure is low. It closes sodium channels, causing sidum to go in to peritubular capillaries and water follows, so you increase blood volume and thus BP

Question 14

In normals, what happens when glucose blood conc. increases out of range?

Answer 14

Pancreas beta cells secrete insulin, which trigger GluTs to migrate to plasma membrane to allow glucose to enter tissue cells and create ATP.

Question 15

In normals, what happens when glucose blood conc. decreases out of range?

Answer 15

Pancreas alpha cells secrete glucagon, which binds in liver cells to cleave glycogen and releases glucose into the bloodstream

Question 16

In type 2 diabetes, insulin is secreted BUT…

Answer 16

the cell is resistant: so glucose in the bloodstream is too high chronically, so blood vessels get damaged. Glucose clings to RBCs and cause them to stick and not pass through capillaries, which stops the flow of blood, hence amputations and blindness.

Question 17

What is diabetes?

Answer 17

A disorder of blood sugar regulation caused by inability to secrete (1) or use insulin (2)

Question 18

What happened to beta cells in Type 1 diabetes patients?

Answer 18

They were destroyed by their immune system so they cannot secrete insulin

Question 19

How do diabetics develop gangrene, heart disease, etc?

Answer 19

Prolonged usage of fats for energy and too much glucose in the plasma leads to circulation problems

Question 20

If we are mostly sedentary we don’t need much ATP, and thus less glucose in our cells. What happens in type 2 diabetes?

Answer 20

Our cells close GluTs and put them back in vesicles and leave glucose in the interstitial fluid/bloodstream which increases blood sugar levels to abnormal levels