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ANSC 451: physiology of animals > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 circulatory system functions?

A
  1. Transporting substances around the body
  2. Controlling body temperature
  3. Protecting the body
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2
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

(2) atria: top of the heart- receive blood from veins
(2) ventricles: bottom of the heart- pump blood through arteries
Septum: divides left from right heart
Valves: keep blood flowing in one direction

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3
Q

Bicuspid (mitral) valve

A

on the left (LA and LV)

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4
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

on the right (RA and RV)

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5
Q

_______ carry blood away from the heart

A

arteries

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6
Q

_______ carry blood to the heart

A

veins

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7
Q

Plan of circulation in the dog (O2)

A
  1. Atmosphere to alveoli-
    Bulk flow: from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure
  2. Alveoli to blood vessel-
    Diffusion: high conc. To low
  3. Blood vessel to heart to blood vessel-
    Bulk flow
  4. Capillaries to tissues/cells
    Diffusion
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8
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A
  • R ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs
  • Blood picks up O2 from the lungs and dumps CO2 into the lungs
  • Oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium thru the pulmonary vein
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9
Q

Systemic circulation

A

Oxygenated blood from the L ventricle to the body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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10
Q

Coronary circulation

A
  • Coronary arteries exit the aorta and supply oxygen/blood to heart muscle (myocardium)
  • Coronary veins pick up and return deoxygenated blood from myocardium
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11
Q

Plasma

A

is the liquid, cell free part of the bloo, that has been treated with anticoagulants

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12
Q

Serum

A

is the liquid part of the blood AFTER coagulation, therefore devoid of clotting factors as fibrinogen

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13
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC)

A
  • Carry O2 to the cells of the body
  • Each RBC is biconcave disk, without a nucleus
  • large surface area to volume ratio. Allows for faster exchange of oxygen
  • bend and flex when entering small capillaries
  • form stacks to flow through narrow blood vessels, stacks are called rouleaux
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14
Q

Sickle cell anemia

A

from a mutation of hemoglobin amino acid sequence
Tissue starve for oxygen

Sickle cell RBCs are fragile and easily broken, can block capillaries

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15
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • Oxygen carrier in the blood
  • Is protein made up of 4 chains (2 alpha & 2 beta chains)
  • Each heme group can bind one oxygen molecule
    - Can bind a total of 4 oxygen molecules
  • Serve a purpose of transporting carbon dioxide
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16
Q

Carbon dioxide is bound to?

A

bicarbonate ion

17
Q

White blood cell (WBC)

A

Granulocytes: cells with granules
- Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) or neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils

Agranulocytes: cells without granules
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
- T-lymphocytes
- B-lymphocytes

18
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • Average lifespan is 6 hours
  • Functions to seek out, ingest and kill bacteria
  • 50-70%
19
Q

Basophils

A
  • Similar to mast cells, contain histamine and heparin (anticoagulant)
  • Involved in allergic reactions, including hypersensitivity reactions
  • 0.5% -1% of circulating white blood cells
20
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • Attacks parasites; tend to line respiratory and intestinal tracts
  • Circulating half-life of 18 hours and a tissue lifespan of at least 6 days
  • Less than 7% of the circulating white blood cells
21
Q

Monocytes

A
  • Leave the circulatory system and become tissue macrophages
  • 3 months
  • Activated by T-lymphocytes; migrate in response to chemotactic stimuli to sights of inflammation to engulf and destroy bacteria
22
Q

Lymphocytes

A

2 kinds:
- T cells (thymus derived) responsible for cellular immunity

  • B cells (bone marrow/bursal-derived) responsible for humoral immunity
23
Q

Platelets

A
  • Called thrombocytes
  • Function is to stop bleeding by clotting and clumping blood vessel injuries (homeostasis)
  • Have no nucleus, fragments of cytoplasm, derived from megakaryocytes of the bone marrow, and then enter circulation
  • Found ONLY in mammals, where as other animals (birds, amphibians) thrombocytes circulate as intact mononuclear cells
24
Q

Origin and differentiation of blood cells

A
  • Erythropoietin, interleukins, and several colony stimulating factors stimulate conversion of hematopoietic stem cell to committed blood progenitor cells
  • Bone marrow lymphocyte precursors from B and T lymphocyte cells
25
Q

The process of erythropoiesis

a.Takes place in the spleen
b.Requires vitamin B12 and folate
c.Is inhibited by erythropoietin
d.Is stimulated when oxygen decreases in the blood
e. Both b and d

A

both b and d

26
Q

Old, da,eged, or defective erythrocytes are removed from the blood by

Eosinophils
Lymphocytes
Macrophages
Monocytes

A

macrophages

27
Q

One molecule of hemoglobin carries

One oxygen molecule
Four oxygen molecule
Lymphocytes

A

Four oxygen molecule

ANSC 451: physiology of animals (27 decks)

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