Respiratory Systems

Question 1

what are the following events that are in the respiratory system?

Answer 1

1. ventilation/breathing
2. external respiration
3. transport of gasses
4. internal respiration/cellular respiration

Question 2

what structures are seen in the upper and lower respiratory systems?

REVIEW ANATOMY

Answer 2

upper-system:
- nose
- pharynx

lower-system:
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs

Question 3

what are the functions for respiratory systems?

Answer 3

• Gas exchange
• Acid-base balance
• Phonation
• Pulmonary defense and metabolism

Question 4

Larynx

REVIEW ANATOMY

Answer 4

• “Voice box” is responsible for voice production, control of breathing, and preventing inhalation of foreign objects into the lungs
• Composed of 5 cartilage structures:
  epiglottis
  tracheal
  arytenoid
  cricoid
  corniculate

Question 5

trachea

Answer 5

• (windpipe) is a flexible cylindrical tube
• Composed up cartilage rings, that are rigid to prevent collapsing of the trachea
• Descending down to the thoracic cavity, it splits unto the R and L primary bronchi
• As a single tube, it goes from the larynx to a level just above the base of the heart

Question 6

lungs

Answer 6

• Primary function, exchange of gasses, O2 and CO2
• Soft, spongy, and cone-shaped organs

Question 7

Alveoli

Answer 7

Provides the surface area for gas exchange

Question 8

what are the cell types in alveoli?

Answer 8

Type I cell
Type II cell
Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs)

Question 9

Type I cells

Answer 9

• dominant cell type (90%)
• are thin and create the barrier
• Unable to replicate and are susceptible to toxic insults
• Involved in gas exchange between the alveoli and blood
• In the event of damage, type II cells proliferate and differentiate into type I cells to compensate

Question 10

Type II cells

Answer 10

• (granular pneumocytes) produce surfactant
• Increase pulmonary compliance
• Prevent collapse of the lung at the end of expiration
• Facilitate recruitment of collapsed airways

Question 11

Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs)

Answer 11

active phagocytic cells

Question 12

Surfactant

Answer 12

• Maintains alveolar stability by reducing the surface tension of the alveolar lining
• Mixture of proteins and lipids
• During last portion of pregnancy, the surfactant is produced in the fetal lungs in response to fetal plasma cortisol
  - In premature births, newborns can not produce
  enough surfactant to allow for their lungs to expand

Question 13

Process involved in gas exchange

Answer 13

• Ventilation requires muscle activity
• Respiratory muscles generate work to stretch the lung and overcome the frictional resistance to airflow
• Lung elasticity results from tissue and surface forces
• Airflow is opposed by frictional resistance in airways
• Smooth muscle contraction effects the diameters of the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

Question 14

What do the muscles of the chest, shoulders, diaphragm, and rib cage help?

Answer 14

they help alter the shape of the chest cavity creating a pressure gradient to allow air to flow freely into the lungs

Question 15

Internal intercostal muscles: _______
External intercostal muscles: _______

Answer 15

forceful expiration
normal inspiration

Question 16

diaphragm

Answer 16

• normal respiration; responsible for 45% of air intake
• During inhalation, diaphragm contracts and moves in the inferior direction, thus enlarging the volume of the thoracic cavity

Question 17

Thoracic volume and inspiration events

Answer 17

1. Inspiratory muscles contract
2. Thoracic cavity volume increases
3. Lungs stretched; intrapulmonary volume increases
4. Intrapulmonary pressure drops
5. Air (gasses) flows into lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0 (equal to atmospheric pressure)

Question 18

Thoracic volume and expiration events

Answer 18

1. Inspiratory muscles relax
2. Thoracic cavity volumes decreases
3. Elastic lungs recoil passively; intrapulmonary volume decreases
4. Intrapulmonary pressure rises
5. Air (gasses) flows out of lungs down its pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0

Question 19

During ___________ becomes ______ then atmospheric pressure and during _________ it becomes _______ than atmospheric pressure.

Answer 19

inspiration intrapulmonary pressure; less
expiration pressure; greater

Question 20

Intrapleural pressure

Answer 20

pressure within the pleural cavity is slightly less than the atmospheric pressure

Question 21

Tidal volume (TV)

Answer 21

amount of air that moves into or out of the lungs with each inspiration

Question 22

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Answer 22

amount of air inspired with maximum inspiratory effort

Question 23

Inspiratory capacity (IC)

Answer 23

IRV + TV

Question 24

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

Answer 24

the volume of air expired after an active expiratory effort (in addition to TV)

Question 25

Residual volume (RV)

Answer 25

the volume of air left in the lungs

Question 26

Vital capacity (VC)

Answer 26

the sum of IRV + TV +ERV

Question 27

Functional residual capacity (FRV)

Answer 27

ERV +RV

Question 28

Total lung capacity (TLC)

Answer 28

VC + RV

Question 29

Spirometry

Answer 29

different degrees of effort in breathing move different volumes of air in and out of the lungs

Question 30

Relationship between exercise and oxygen consumption

Answer 30

This is a LINEAR RELATIONSHIP. It is not maintained with exercise and the number of breaths. At no or slow exercise, there is enough capacity in the system to not require increased rates of breathing to account for the demand.

Question 31

Which of these structures is a part of the upper-respiratory tract? Bronchi Larynx Pharynx Trachea

Answer 31

pharynx

Question 32

Surfactant_____________. Reduces surface tension of the fluid lining in the alveoli Decreases alveolar pressure Makes inspiration more difficult Can cause pneumothorax

Answer 32

Reduces surface tension of the fluid lining in the alveoli

Question 33

What are alveolar macrophages? To secrete pulmonary surfactant To secrete antimicrobial proteins To remove pathogens and debris To facilitate gas exchange

Answer 33

To remove pathogens and debris

Question 34

Which of these lung volumes/capacities is the largest? Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume Vital capacity

Answer 34

Vital capacity

Question 35

The volume of air that cannot be exhaled from the lungs regardless of the magnitude if expiration: Vital capacity Residual volume Tidal volume

Answer 35

Residual volume

Question 36

The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration: Tidal volume Vital capacity Total lung volume

Answer 36

Tidal volume