Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
where is a catheter usually inserted from?
A
- radial or femural artery
2
Q
Three types of aneurysm
A
- cerebral
- thoracic
- abdominal
3
Q
heart germ layer origin
A
- visceral lateral plate mesoderm
4
Q
heart structural origin
A
- primary and secondary heart fields -> heart tube
5
Q
when does the heart begin developing?
A
- day 16
6
Q
what do ‘fields’ in the early heart develop into?
A
- endocardial tubes
7
Q
when does the heart start beating?
A
- day 22
8
Q
what causes the caudal and cranial heart tubes to form the atria, ventricles and outflow track?
A
- cardiac looping
9
Q
what does the truncus arteriosus form? (2)
A
- aorta
- pulmonary trunk
10
Q
what does the bulbus cordis form? (2)
A
- right ventricle (trabeculated part = proximal)
- ventricle outflow tracts
11
Q
what does the primitive ventricle form?
A
- left ventricle (trabeculated part)
12
Q
what does the primitive atrium form?
A
- right and left atrium (trabeculated parts)
13
Q
what does the sinus venosus form?
A
- right atrium (smooth parts)
14
Q
how many days does cardiac looping occur?
A
- between days 22 and day 28
15
Q
atrial septation steps (3)
A
- septum primum descends - from roof of atrium, leaves lumen
- ostium primum closes - but foramen secundum secundum forms via apoptosis in septum primum
- septum secundum forms - foramen ovule persists
16
Q
what is atrial septal defect-secundum?
A
- large hole is atrial septum
17
Q
cause of atrial septal defect? (2)
A
- too much cell death/reabsorption
- inadequate formation of septum secundum
18
Q
what is the outer layer of the heart called?
A
- pericardium
19
Q
what does the pericardium do?
A
- stabilises the heart and associated vessels within the mediastinum
20
Q
how many layers is the pericardium made of?
A
- 2
21
Q
mediastinum definition
A
- the space that holds everything in the thorax except the lungs
22
Q
what is the outermost layers of the pericardium and its features?
A
- fiborus pericardium
- thick fibrous layer that contains collagen fibres
23
Q
what is the innermost layer of the pericardium and its functions?
A
- serous pericardium
- balloon layer in contact with heart wall = visceral pericardium
- layer in contact with fibrous pericardium = parietal pericardium
24
Q
define epicardium
A
- very thin external layer formed by the visceral layer of the serous pericardium
25
define myocardium (2)
- cardiac muscle layer
- containing blood vessels and nerves
26
define endocardium (3)
- covers inner surfaces of heart
- simple squamous epithelium
- areolar tissue
27
what is the smooth thin posterior wall of the right atrium called?
- sinus venarum
28
what is the rough muscular anterior wall of the right atrium called?
- pectinate muscle
29
right atrium features (4)
- sinus venarum - smooth thin posterior wall
- rough muscular anterior wall - pectinate muscle
- opening of the SVC, IVC and coronary sinus
- fossa ovalis
30
what is the fossa ovalis in development?
- foramen ovali
31
tricuspid valve features (4)
- three cusps
- allows blood to pass from right atrium to right ventricle
- prevents blood from regurgitating from the right ventricle back into the right atrium
- attached to chordae tendinae
32
what are chordae tendineae?
- heart strings
33
what do the chordae tendineae attach to?
papillary muscles
34
right ventricle key features (6)
- thinner muscular wall compared to the left
- valve cusps attach to chordinae tendineae
- chrordinae tendonae attach to papillary muscles
- trabeculae carneae lines the walls of both ventricles
- acts to increase turbulence of blood
- sends blood towards pulmonary trunk via pulmonary valve
35
pulmonary valve other name
- semilunar valve
36
left atrium key features (3)
- left auricle - contains pectinate muscles
- most of atrial wall is smooth
- slightly thicker wall than the right atrium
37
bicuspid valve other name
- mitral valve
38
bicuspid valve key features (4)
- two cusps (mitral valve)
- allows blood to pass from left atrium to left ventricle
- prevents blood from regurgitating from the left ventricle back into the left atrium
- attached to chordae tendineae
39
left ventricle key features (4)
- thick muscular walls
- thick mesh of trabeculae carneae muscle, more numerous than the right ventricle
- chordae tendineae attach to 2 papillary muscles
- sends blood towards aorta via aortic valve
40
aortic valve and blood flow features (3)
- origin of coronary arteries branches of the ascending aorta as the ventricles relax
- aortic valve closes
- blood pools in aortic sinuses
41
how big is the aorta in diameter?
- 3cm
42
aorta sections (4)
- ascending aorta
- aortic arch
- descending aorta
- abdominal aorta
43
what does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
- right and left common iliac arteries
44
how many branches does the aortic arch have?
- 3 but can be variable
45
what is systole?
- contracting
46
what is diastole?
- filling/relaxing
47
where is the sinoatrial node?
- located at the junction of the superior vena cava
48
what is the sinoatrial node?
- pacemaker of heart
49
what does the sinoatrial node do?
- initiates and regulates heart contractions
50
what does the impulse from SA node do?
- spreads electrical impulses through atria
51
where is the atrioventricular node located?
- interatrial septum
52
where does the AV node get its signal from?
- rapidly from the SA node
53
where does the AV node distribute signals to?
- ventricles through AV bundle
54
what is the AV bundle a bridge between?
- atrial and ventricular myocardium
55
where and what does the AV bundle divide into?
- right and left bundle branches
- once it reaches the IVS
56
what does the right bundle branch extend to and what does that stimulate? (2) MB
- the moderator band
- stimulates the right anterior papillary muscle
57
what does bundle branches ramify into?
- purkinjie fibres
- extend into the walls of the ventricles
58
the lungs are ___ to the heart
lateral
59
the diaphragm is ___ to the lungs
inferior
60
what is an incidental finding?
- incidentally discovered mass or lesion
- detected by CT, MRi, other imaging
61
which vertebral level would you palpate to examine aortic pulse?
- at or slightly above the umbilicus in the epigastrium
- supine position with knees bent
