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Genitourinary System Flashcards

1
Q

what does the bony pelvis connect and protect?

A
  • connects vertebral column to the lower limbs
  • protects internal organs
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2
Q

what 4 bones is the bony pelvis made of?

A
  • ilum
  • pubis
  • ischium
  • sacrum
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3
Q

where is the bony pelvis joined together? (male) (2)

A
  • sacroiliac joint
  • pubic symphysis
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4
Q

where is the perineum located? (male)

A
  • between the thighs
  • most inferior part of the pelvic outlet
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5
Q

what is the pelvic cavity and perineum separated by? (male)

A
  • pelvic floor muscles superiorly
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6
Q

what systems does the perinuem support? (2) (male)

A
  • genitourinary
  • gastrointestinal
    systems
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7
Q

what is the perineum important for? (male) (3)

A
  • micturition
  • defecation
  • sexual intercourse
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8
Q

nerve supply to bony pelvis? (male)

A
  • S2, S3, S4
  • pudendal nerve
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9
Q

what two layers is the scrotum made from?

A
  • heavily pigmented skin
  • dartos muscle
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10
Q

testes suspended in the scrotum by the ____

A
  • spermatic cord
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11
Q

the scrotum is externally seperated by the ___ and internally by the ____

A
  • scrotal raphe
  • scrotal septum
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12
Q

what does the scrotum help do?

A
  • regulate the temperate of the testes
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13
Q

what are the testes?

A
  • paired gonads in phenotypically XY individuals
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14
Q

what does the testes produce? (2)

A
  • sperm
  • testosterone
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15
Q

how is the testes developed?

A
  • begin on the posterior abdominal wall
  • descend through abdominal wall
  • into scrotum
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16
Q

what are the testes covered by?

A
  • tunica vaginalis (aka. peritoneum dragged through abdominal wall as testes descend)
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17
Q

where is the spermatic cord formed?

A
  • opening of inguinal canal
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18
Q

what does the spermatic cord contain?

A
  • several neurovascular structures (vans derfernes)
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19
Q

what is the spermatic cord veered by? (3)

A
  • external spermatic fascia
  • cremaster muscle
  • internal spermatic fascia
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20
Q

6 contents of the spermatic cord?

A
  • ductus (vas) deferens
  • testicular artery (branch of aorta)
  • cremasteric artery and vein (to supply cremaster muscle)
  • artery to ductus (vas) deferens
  • pampiniform plexus of veins
  • nerves and lymphatics
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21
Q

what three layers of muscle is the ductus deferens made of?

A
  • outer longitudinal
  • middle circular
  • inner longitudinal
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22
Q

what is the journey of sperm? (7)

A
  • begins in teste
  • travels through ductus (vas) deferens
  • through spermatic chord
  • through abdominal wall
  • over pelvis inlet
  • behind the bladder
  • passes the seminal vesicles
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23
Q

what is the tunica albuginea?

A
  • fibrous capsule that encloses the testes and creates lobules
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24
Q

what are lobules? (3)

A
  • made by tunica albuginea
  • contains seminiferous tubules
  • contains interstitial fluid
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25
seminferous tubules contain sertoli cells which are involved in _____
- sperm maturation
26
insterstitial fluid contains leydig cells which are involved in _____
- testosterone production
27
at the onset of puberty, GnRH starts to be produced by the ____
- hypothalamus
28
in puberty for males, when GnRH is produced, the anterior pituary gland _____ for the first time
- releases FSH and LH
29
FSH stimulates ___ in males
- sertoli cells
30
in males, LH stimulates ____
- leydig cells
31
in male stimulation of FSH and LH stimulates what? (2)
- the onset of spermatogenesis - development of secondary sex characteristics
32
human semen composition (%) (4)
- 4% sperm from teste via ductus deferens - 65% seminal vesicles - 30% prostate - 1% bulbourethral glands
33
where is the seminal gland located?
- between posterior wall of bladder and rectum
34
what % of fluid is made up in seminal gland?
- 65%
35
What can low volumes of seminal fluid show?
- indicates a problem with the seminal vesicles or prostate
36
secretions from the seminal glands are discharged into the ____ which penetrate ____
- ejaculatory ducts - muscular wall of prostate
37
how can the prostate gland be palpated?
- through the rectum
38
what % of seminal fluid is produced by prostate?
- 30%
39
prostatic fluid ejected into the ____ by ____ of the prostatic muscular wall
- prostatic urethra - peristaltic contractions
40
what is bulbourethral gland?
- small, pea sized glands located at the base of the penis
41
what does the bulbourethal gland secrete?
- thick, alkaline mucus - neutralises urinary acids that may be still be present in urethra
42
what does the bony pelvis connect and protect?
- connects vertebral column to the lower limbs - protects internal organs
43
what bones is pelvis made from? (female) (4)
- the sacrum - ilium - pubis - ischium
44
where and what parts of the bony pelvis joined together
- sacroiliac joint - pubic symphysis
45
where is the perineum located in female anatomy?
- between thighs - most inferior part of the pelvic outlet
46
what is the perineum and pelvic cavity separated by in females?
- superiorly by the pelvic floor muscles
47
what does the perineum support in females?
- genitourinary - gastrointestinal systems
48
when is the perineum functionally important in females?
- during micturition - defecation - sexual intercourse - childbirth
49
what nerves supply the female pelvis? (2)
- sciatic nerve - pudendal nerve
50
define mons pubis
- mound of subcutaneous fat - located anterior to the pubic symphysis
51
define labia majora
- two hair-bearing skin folds extending from the mons pubis to the posterior commissure
52
define clitoris
- located within the clitoral hood - formed from the corpa cavernosa erectile tissue
53
define vestibule
- contains the opening of the vaina and uretha - situated between the labia minora
54
define greater vestibular gland
- secrete lubricating mucus during sexual arousal - same embryological origin as bulbourethral glands
55
clitoris' function
- sexual pleasure
56
what is the clitoris' made of?
- erectile tissue and muscles
57
what tissue and muscle is in the clitoris?
- corpus cavernosum (erectile tissue) - surrounded by ischiocavernosus muscle
58
what is the corpus spongiosum surrounded by in the clitoris
- bulbospongiosus muscle
59
how much urine can the female bladder hold?
- 400-600ml
60
what is the rugae?
- folded internal lining of the female bladder
61
what is the trigone?
- smooth triangular area in the female bladder
62
what is detrusor muscle?
- forms the thick muscular walls of female bladder - innervated by autonomic nerves
63
what are the ovaries?
- paired gonads in phenotypical XX individuals
64
how are the ovaries attached to the uterus?
- ovarian ligament
65
how are the ovaries attached to the body wall?
- suspensory ligament
66
what is the blood supply for ovaries?
- ovarian artery branches from abdominal aorta - level L2
67
what are the three layers of the uterine wall?
- perimetrium (peritoneum) - myometrium - endometrium
68
what is the cervix?
- inferior portion of the uterous - connects vagins and body of uterous
69
What two parts is the cervix made out of?
- endocervical canal - uterine cavity begins at internal oslined by mucus secreting simple columnar epithelium - ectocervix - transitions to the endocervical canal at the external os-lined by stratified squamous non-keatinised epithelium
70
anatomical position of the vagina
- bladder and the urethra lie anteriorly - rectum and rectouterine pouch lie posteriorly
71
what is the vagina?
an elastic muscular tube which is highly distensible
72
3 major biological functions of the vagina
- forms inferior portion of the birth canal - passageway for the elimination of menstrual fluids - sexual activity for reproduction, receives penis and ejaculatory fluids
73
how is the vagina lubricated?
- mucus secreted by the cervix - greater vestibular gland during sexual arousal
74
where are the hormones for the menstrual cycle released from?
- brain - ovaries
75
hormones from the brain in the menstral cycle (3)
- gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) - follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) - luteinising hormone (LH)
76
hormones released from the ovary in menstruation (3)
- oestrogen - inhibin - progestrone
77
what happens with hormones at the start of a menstrual cycle? (3)
- hypothalamus secretes GnRH - GnRH stimulates FSH & LH release from the anterior pituitary gland into blood - FSH and LH enter ovaries through capillaries
78
what happens days 1-14 (follicular stage) of the menstrual cycle? (5)
- FSH stimulates follicule maturation - maturing follicles produce and release oestrogen - at low levels, this inhibits LH release - oestrogen levels continue to rise at high levels it no longer inhibits LH - LH levels rise and triggers ovulation
79
what happens at ovulation?
- ruptured follicle turns into corpus luteum (dead follicle) - drop in GnRH, LH and FSH levels
80
what happens days 15-28 (luteal phase) of the menstrual cycle
- corpus luteum secretes progesterone, inhibin and oestrogen - progesterone inhibits GnRH, inhibin inhibits FSH high levels of progestrone - oestrogen builds - maintains endometrium
81
what happens when the corpus luteum degenerates in the menstrual cycle?
as the corpus luteum starts to degenerate the hormones stop being produced, causes; - prostagladin release - endometrium lining to shed - leading to menstruation - stops inhibition of GnRH, LH and FSH - corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albicans (scar tissue)
82
what are prostagladins and what do they do?
- lipid compunds - causes constriction of blood vessels - ischemia of the endometrium - lining sheds off - results in primary dysmenorrhea

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