Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
Is a fluid connective tissue
A
Blood
2
Q
Is the liquid extracellular matrix of blood
A
Plasma
3
Q
______________ are the cells and cell fragments
A
Formed elements
4
Q
What are the formed elements of blood
A
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Platelets
5
Q
The heart creates a ____________ that helps move blood blood throughout the body
A
Pressure gradient
6
Q
What are the functions of blood
A
Transportation
Defense
Maintainance of homeostasis
7
Q
Components of whole blood can be separated by a _____________
A
Centrifuge
8
Q
Movement of blood is driven by a
______________
A
pressure gradient
9
Q
Blood flows from areas of high pressure into areas with low pressure Wich is called as
A
Bulk flow
10
Q
What causes resistance to flow
A
Blood thickness (viscosity )
11
Q
Resistance is also influenced by____________ and _____________
A
Plasma proteins and formed elements
12
Q
Composition of plasma (3)
A
92% water
Plasma proteins
Other solutes
13
Q
Accounts for 7 percent of the plasma volume
A
Plasma proteins
14
Q
Are the most abundant plasma proteins
-made by the liver
- major regulator of blood osmotic pressure
A
Albumin
15
Q
-Are the second most abundant plasma proteins
-Functions as transport proteins and anti bodys
-many are produced by the liver ; antibody’s are produced by leukocytes
A
Globulin
16
Q
Is the least abundant plasma protein
-involved in blood clotting
-produced in liver
A
Fibrinogen
17
Q
It is the Transport medium of plasma
Percentage?
A
Water (92%)
18
Q
Maintains osmotic Concentration and transports lipid molecules
Percentage in plasma proteins?
A
Albumin
54-60
19
Q
Transport and maintains osmotic Concentration
Percentage in plasma proteins
A
Globulin
35-38
20
Q
Blood clotting j. Homeostasis
Percentage in blood proteins
A
Fibrinogen
4-7%
21
Q
Percentage of plasma in the blood
Percentage of plasma proteins in plasma
A
46-63%
7%
22
Q
Regulates various body functions
Percentage in plasma
A
Regulatory proteins
Less than 1 percent
23
Q
Numerous and varied
Percentage in plasma
A
Other solutes
1%
24
Q
Formed elements compose _____ percent of blood
A
37-54
25
Transports gasses Primarily oxygen and some carbon dioxide
Percent in formed elements
Erythrocytes
99%
26
Specific and non specific immunity
Percent in formed elements
Leukocytes
Less than 1
27
Hemostasis
Percent in formed elements
Platelets/thrombocytes
Less than 1%
28
Characteristics of erythrocytes
Biconcave disc shaped
Few organelles and No nucleus
Contains hemoglobin to transport gases
29
-Binds oxygen in oxygen rich environments
-Releases oxygen in oxygen poor environments
-are made out of proteins and iron
Hemoglobin
30
Four folded globin proteins contain ____________
Four heme groups
31
Each heme groups contain an ___________ wich can bind to one molecule of oxygen
Iron ion (Fe2+)
32
Saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen can be detected by a __________
Pulse oximeter
33
Oxygenated blood contains a higher saturation of oxygen Wich is
95-100% saturated
34
Deoxygenated blood carries less oxygen Wich is
70-80% saturated
35
It is the production of red blood cells Wich begins in the red bone marrow
Erythropoiesis
36
Erythropoiesis is stimulated by ____________ Wich is also a hormone that is secreted in response to hypoxia
Erythropoietin
37
What are the necessary components in the formation of red blood cells?
Iron and vitamin B 12
38
Results from decreased RBC production or defective RBC production
Anemia
39
Defective hemoglobin causes RBC shape change
Sickle cell anemia
40
Due to lack of iron
Iron deficiency anemia
41
Due to inadequate vitamin B 12
Pernicious anemia
42
Due to lack of vitamin B 12 and/or folate
Megaloblastic anemia
43
Due to deficient numbers of RBC stem cells
Aplastic anemia
44
___________ and other _____________ can lead to anemia
Menstruation in women
Other chronic bleeding conditions
45
Measures the percentage of RBC in a whole sample of blood
Hematocrit
46
_______ is the homeostatic range
36-50%
47
Conditions that lead to overproduction of RBCs
Leads to high blood viscosity
Polycythemia
48
RBC live up to _______
120 days
49
are broken down and recycled in spleen or labor
Erythrocytes
50
Recycled into amino acids
Globin
51
Stored and reused
Iron
52
The non iron portion of heme is ____
Toxic
53
Converted to ________ and then bilirubin
Biliverdin
54
________ is incorporated into bile in the liver
Bilirubin
55
Also known as white blood cells
-helps protect against infection
-eliminates cells with mutated DNA
-cleans up debris
Leukocytes
56
Involved in blood clotting and tissue repair
Platelets/thrombocytes
57
Leukocytes are produced by _____________ in red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
58
What are the characteristics of leukocytes
Are larger than RBC
Less numerous than RBC
All have a nucleus and organelles
59
How long can leukocytes last?
Hours to years
60
Leukocytes leave blood vessels via __________ and are attracted to areas where needed by __________
Diapedesis
Chemotaxis
61
Have granules that can be seen?
What types of leukocytes fall under these
Granular leukocytes
Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil
62
Have granules but not easily seen
What are the leukocytes that fall under these
Agranular leukocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
63
These are the most common leukocytes
(40-60%)
Faint purple granules
Nucleus has 2 to 5 lobes
Phagocytic cells
Neutrophils
64
Makes up (2-4%) of leukocyte count
Bright pink to red nucleus
Nucleus has 2-3 lobes
Eosinophils
65
It is the least common leukocyte(<1%)
Dark blue granules
Nucleus with 2 lobes
Granules release histamine
Basophil
66
2nd most common leukocyte (20-30%)
Large nucleus with thin rim of cytoplasm
Lymphocytes
67
What are the 3 groups of lymphocytes
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
natural killer lymphocytes
68
Large with horseshoe shaped nucleus
Phagocytes
Monocytes
69
Monocytes mature into ___________
Macrophages
70
Increases during bacterial infection
Neutrophils
71
Increases during viral infection
Lymphocytes
72
Increases during viral or fungal infection
Monocytes
73
Increases during allergic reactions or parasitic infections
Eosinophil
74
Increases during allergic reactions
Basophils
75
Platelets are not cells but are fragments of a ________________
megakaryocyte
76
The proccess of producing formed elements Wich begins in the red bone marrow
Hematopoiesis
77
These cells can differentiate into any formed element
Hematopoietic stem cells
78
Hematopoietic stem cells differentiate into _________ or __________ stem cells first
Myeloid or lymphoid
79
What are the hematopoietic Growth Factors
Erythropoietin
Thrombopoietin
Cytokines
80
Promotes erythropoiesis
Erythropoietin
81
Promotes development of megakaryocytes and platelets
Thrombopoietin
82
Chemical signals released by various tissues Wich also stimulates production of leukocytes as necessary
Cytokines
83
Process by which the body plugs a ruptured blood vessel to minimize blood loss
Hemostasis
84
Hemostasis is only effective in ___________ not ___________
Smaller blood vessels not larger ones
85
3 steps of hemostasis
1.Vascular spasm
2.Formation of platelet plug
3.coagulation
86
Failure in the steps of hemostasis leads to ____________
Hemorrhage
87
Smooth muscles of the walls of the damaged vessel contracts
Decreases blood flow and blood loss in
Vascular spasm
88
Smooth muscles of the walls of the damaged vessel contracts
Decreases blood flow and blood loss from damaged area
Vascular spasm
89
Platelets adhere to exposed collagen fibers in vessel wall Wich attracts more platelets
Platelet plug
90
Helps stabilize platelet plug and bind it to collagen
Von willebrand factor
91
2 pathways that trigger coagulation
Extrinsic pathway
Intrinsic pathway
92
The third pathway is the ______________
Both intrinsic and extrinsic leads to this
Common pathway
93
All 3 pathways are dependent on the presence of _________ and __________
Calcium and vitamin K
94
Involves a cascade of events that allows repair of blood vessels
Coagulation
95
Steps in Coagulation
1.Soluble fibrinogen will be converted to insoluble fibrinogen to stabilize platelet plug in clot
2.individual fibrin proteins combine
3.Forms a net-like protein that stabilizes clot
96
Prompts reactions associated with coagulation
Coagulation factors
97
Activated by tissue trauma that breaks the wall of the blood vessel
Response is faster compared to other pathway
Extrinsic pathway
98
Activated by internal damage to the wall of the vessel
Response is slower compared to the other pathway
Intrinsic pathway
99
Clot is eventually removed by ___________ through gradual depredation of the clot
Fibrinolysis
100
To accomplish fibrinolysis __________ is activated into ________
Plasminogen
Plasmin
101
Are substances that oppose coagulation
Plasma anticoagulants
102
Opposes conversio of prothrombin into thrombin
Antithrombin
103
Opposes prothrombin
Found on endothelial cells to prevent clots
Heparin
104
Molecules or groups of molecules that the body does not recognize as self
Basis for blood type
Can cause transfusion reactions when mixed with incompatible blood types
Antigens
105
Blood types are determined based on the _______ present on the surface of RBC
Antigens
106
3 antigens that are commonly used
Antigen A
Antigen B
Antigen D(Rh factor)
107
Proteins that are made by the immune system that is designed to bind to foreign antigens that the body does not recognize
Antibodies
108
Antigen-antibody complexes can initiate transfusion reactions Wich causes cells to ____________ or stick together
Agglutinate
109
This occurs when incompatible blood types mix
Transfusion reaction
110
___________ of RBC can overload kidneys Wich causes kidney failure
Hemolysis
111
Based on presence or absence of antigens A and B
ABO blood groups
112
__________ is either present or absent Wich is the basis for positive and negative blood types
Rhesus (RH) antigen
113
Occurs when a RH+ mother is pregnant with a RH- fetus
Rare in first pregnancy but complications arise during the second pregnancy
Hemolytic disease
