Endocrine System Flashcards
(149 cards)
1
Q
_________ and __________ facilitate long distance communication
A
Nervous and endocrine system
2
Q
What does the nervous system use to communicate
A
Electrical signals
3
Q
Are chemical signaling molecules that travel in blood
-Reaches most cells of the body
-has a widespread effect
A
Hormones
4
Q
How does the endocrine system regulate homeostasis?(7)
A
-Use of calories and nutrients
-secretion of wastes
-blood pressure and osmolarity
-Growth
-Fertility and sex drive
-lactation
-sleep
5
Q
Chemical signals used by endocrine system
A
Hormones
6
Q
Hormone affects neighboring cells
A
Paracrine signalling
7
Q
Hormone affects the same cell that released it
A
Autocrine gland
8
Q
Hormone travels through blood to affect cells throughout the body
A
Endocrine signalling
9
Q
Exits glands via exocytosis
A
Chemical secretions
10
Q
Releases product into bloodstream or extracellular fluid
A
Endocrine gland
11
Q
Releases product into a duct that carries it to a body surface
A
Exocrine glands
12
Q
Endocrine glands include these 5 glands
A
Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal
13
Q
Mainly secretes hormones
Does not have a duct for secretion
A
Endocrine gland
14
Q
Organs that contain endocrine functions (10)
A
Hypothalamus
Thymus
Heart
Kidneys
Stomach
Small intestine
Liver
Adipose tissue
Ovaries
Testes
15
Q
Both __________ and ___________ allow for communication and control of the body
A
Nervous and endocrine systems
16
Q
This type of system is generally faster to make a chang
A
Nervous system
17
Q
This systems effects generally last longer
A
Endocrine system
18
Q
What are the 3 types of hormones based on chemical structure
A
Steroid hormones
Amine-based hormones
Peptide and protein based hormones
19
Q
These hormones are lipid soluble
Requires transport proteins to travel in blood
A
Steroid hormones
20
Q
What produces steroid hormones?
A
Cholesterol molecules
21
Q
List 2 examples of steroids
A
Testosterone
Estrogen
22
Q
Water soluble
does not require transport proteins in blood
A
Amine hormones and peptide and protein hormones
23
Q
What are amine hormones made from
A
Individual amino acids
24
Q
3 examples of amine hormones
A
Melatonin
Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
25
Peptide and protein hormones are made from
Chains of amino acids
26
2 Examples of peptide and protein hormones
Antidiuretic hormone
Insulin
27
Made on demand by modifying cholesterol molecules
-cannot be stored
-not soluble in blood
Steroid hormones
28
Translated like other proteins
Modified and stored in vesicles until release
Soluble in blood
Travels in a free state
Peptide hormones
29
Receptors can be _________ or _________
Intracellular or on the cell surface
30
Lipid soluble hormone receptors are usually ____________ (cytosol or nuclear)
Intracellular
31
Water soluble hormone receptors are usually _____________
on the cell surface
32
What are the 2 types of Hormone receptors
Intracellular hormone receptors
Membrane bound hormone receptors
33
Results in increased transcription and protein synthesis
May be in cytosol or nucleus
Intracellular hormone receptor
34
What are intracellular hormone receptors usually associated with?(2)
Steroid
Thyroid hormones
35
Hormone serves as first messenger in the pathway
Membrane bound hormone receptors
36
What are membrane bound hormone receptors associated with?
Water soluble hormones
(Amine and peptide hormones)
37
is a key mechanism used by water-soluble hormones to exert their effects on target cells
amplify and transmit extracellular signalsto elicit specific intracellular responses.
2nd messenger system
38
Decrease in receptor number
-occurs when hormone level is chronically high
-cell becomes less sensitive to hormone
Downregulation
39
Increase in motor receptor number
-occurs when hormone levels are chronically low
-cells become more sensitive to hormone
Upregulating
40
Most hormones are regulated via ______________
Negative feed back loops
41
As hormone level rises secretion will
___________ or _______
Slow down or stop
42
What is regulated by a positive feedback loop?
Oxytocin
43
What example causes oxytocin release
Suckling on breast
44
3 factors that influence hormone release
Chemical levels within our blood
Endocrine system
Nervous system stimulation
45
Part of diancephalon of the brain
Regulates the secretion of hormones from pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
46
The hypothalamus is connected to posterior pituitary gland by __________
Infundibulum
47
The hypothalamus is connected to the anterior pituitary by _________________________
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
48
The anterior pituitary is composed of ___________
Glandular tissue
49
Blood from hypothalamus travels through the ____________________ to the anterior pituitary
hypophyseal portal vein
50
Posterior pituitary contains ________
Nervous tissue
51
Axons from hypothalamus project through ______________
Infundibulum
52
What is stored and released into blood at the posterior pituitary
Hormones
53
The posterior pituitary Stores and releases these 2 hormones
Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones(ADH)
54
-Release is regulated by a Positive feedback loop
-Responsible for milk ejection reflex
-Promotes uterine contraction
-contributes to social bonding behavior
Oxytocin
55
-Released to high blood osmolarity
-can cause blood vessel constriction
-leads to overall increase in blood pressure
Antidiuretic hormones
56
Antidiuretic hormone conserves body fluids by increasing water absorption by kidney making your urine __________
Darker
57
What inhibits antidiuretic hormone release?
Wich leads to?
Drugs like alcohol
Higher amounts of urine produced
58
Results from chronic
underproduction of antidiuretic hormone
Leads to excessive thirst and increased water consumption
Diabetes insipidus
59
What occurs in severe cases of Diabetes insipidus
Ionic imbalances
60
How many hormones does the anterior pituitary gland produce
6
61
Secretion of hormones of anterior pituitary gland are regulated by _________ from _________
Tropic hormones from hypothalamus
62
Tropic hormones travel from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary in
____________________________
Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system
63
What are the 6 hormones of the pituitary gland
Growth hormone
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
Prolactin
64
Anabolic hormone that promotes protein synthesis and tissue building
Growth hormone
65
Causes release of thyroid hormone from thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
66
Stimulates release of cortisol from adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticropic hormone
67
Promotes gamete production
Follicle stimulating hormone
68
Promotes release of sex hormones and initiates ovulation
Luteinizing hormone
69
Promotes milk production
Prolactin
70
What are the protein and peptide hormones in the anterior pituitary system?
Peptide- adrenocorticropic,prolactin
Protein- growth,thyroid stimulating , luteinizing, follicle stimulating
71
Tropic activity of the six anterior pituitary hormones
Tropic activity-NO
Growth hormone, prolactin,Follicle stimulating
Tropic activity -YES
Adrenocorticropic, luteinizing, thyroid stimulating
72
What is the luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormone target tissue
Gonad
73
What is the growth hormones target tissues
Chondrocytes in cartilage and muscle cells
74
The release of Growth hormones is regulated by _______ and _______ from hypothalamus
Growth hormone- inhibiting hormone(GHIH) and growth hormone releasing hormone (GHIH)
75
Causes production of insulin like growth factors in target tissue
Growth hormone
76
Growth hormones cause growth via ______ _______ _______ (3)
Increased protein synthesis
Increased lipolysis
Increased blood glucose levels
77
Growth hormones promote growth of epiphyseal plate wich leads to?
Elongation of bones
78
Substantially increased height due to excessive GH secretion in childhood
Giantism
79
Decreased stature due to decreased secretion of growth hormones during childhood
Pituitary dwarfism
80
Excessive GH secretion during adulthood
Increased growth of cartilage wich leads to enlarged,hands feet and ears
Acromegaly
81
Located anterior to trachea and inferior to larynx
Thyroid gland
82
Two lateral lobes of thyroid are connected by ______i
Isthmus
83
Spherical units of thyroid
-internal cavity is filled with colloid
Thyroid Follicles
84
Thyroid hormones remains in _________form until needed
colloid
85
__________ regulates TH secretion
Negative feed back
86
-Increased basal metabolic rate
-Promotes protein synthesis
-
Increased body temperature
87
Enlarged thyroid caused by accumulation of colloid
Goiter
88
Insufficient production of thyroid hormones
Leads to weight gain and cold intolerance
Hypothyroidism
89
Excessive production of thyroid hormones wch leads to
Weight loss and increased body temperature
90
Secreted by para follicular cells in response to elevated calcium levels
Calcitonin
91
Plays a huge role in biological processes
-Levels are regulated by hormones
Calcium
92
Regulates the calcium level
Calciton and parathyroid hormone
(Works antagonistically)
93
Located on posterior of thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
94
This cells function is unknown in the parathyroid gland
Oxyphil cell
95
What secretes parathyroid hormones
Chief cells
96
Secreted in response to low calcium levels
Increases blood calcium levels
Parathyroid hormone
97
Excessive secretion of PTH leads to excessive bone resorption leading to
-reduced bone density
-reduced responsiveness of nervous system
-increased calcium deposits in tissue and organs
Hyperparathyroidism
98
Insufficient secretion of PTH Wich leads to
-Low calcium levels in blood
-muscle twitching
-cramping
-convulsion
-paralysis
Hypoparathyroidism
99
Triangle glands on top of each kidney
Covered by capsule
Adrenal glands
100
Adrenal glands is divided into
Adrenal cortex (superficial)
Medulla (deeper)
101
3 zones of adrenal cortex
Zona glomerulusa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
102
Most superficial level of adrenal vortex
Secretes mineralocorticoids
Involved in renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS
Zona glomerulosa
103
What is the main mineralocorticoid
Aldosterone
104
Function of aldosterone
Increases blood pressure
Increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidney
105
Intermediate region of the adrenal cortex
Secretes glucocorticoids
Zona fasciculata
106
Main glucocorticoid of zona fasciculata
Cortisol
107
-Is released in response to stress
-Release stimulated by ACTH
-Suppresses the immune system
Cortisol
108
How does the zona fasciculata break down stored nutrients for energy (3)
Glycogenolysis
Lipolysis
Gluconeogenesis
109
Deepest of the adrenal cortex
Secretes androgens
Supplements testosterone in males
Promotes libido in females
Zona reticularis
110
What is the main androgen in zona reticularis
Dehydroepiandosterone (DHEA)
111
Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine collectively catecholamines
Adrenal medulla
112
He adrenal medulla Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine collectively called _______________
catecholamines
113
What produces catecholamines
Chromafinn cells
114
Release of catecholamines causes
Fight or flight
115
Hypersecretion of cortisol
Cushing's disease
116
Hyposecretion of cortisol
Addison's disease
117
Located within abdomen posterior to stomach
Both a endocrine and exocrine gland
Pancreas
118
What is the Exocrine function of the pancreas
Secrete digestive enzymes
119
What are the endocrine cells in the pancreatic inlet?
Alpha cells
Beta cells
Delta cells
PP cells
120
Secretes glucagon
Alpha cells
121
Secretes insulin
Beta cells
122
Secretes somastosin
Delta cells
123
Secretes pancreatic polypeptide
PP cells
124
Insulin lowers blood glucose by?(3)
Stimulating uptake by cells
Glycogenisis
Lipogenisis
125
Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by?(3)
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Lipolysis
126
Primary target cells of insulin are?(2)
Skeletal muscle cells
Adipocytes
127
Located mediastinum superior to the heart
Site for T lymphocyte maturation within the immune system
More active in childhood but decreases with age
Thymus
128
What hormone of thymus helps in development and differentiation of T lymphocytes
Thymosin
129
Secretes atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
The heart
130
What is the purpose of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) (2)
Decreases blood pressure in response to blood volume or increased blood pressure
Increases sodium and water lost by the kidneys to decrease blood pressure or volume
131
Where are the endocrine cells located in the gastro intestinal tract?
Walls of stomach and small intestines
132
What are hormones that help in digestion in the GI tract
Gastrin
Other hormones that aid in regulation of glucose
133
Stimulates release of hydrochloric acid by stomach
Gastrin
134
Produces renin that is involved in renin-angiosten-aldiosterone system
(RAAS) Regulation for blood pressure
Kidneys
135
Secretes __________ that aids in calcium homeostasis
Calcitriol
136
What stimulates the production of red blood cells
Erythropoietin
137
Secretes the hormone leptin and adiponectin
Adipose tissue
138
Hormones are called ________ in adipose tissue
Adipokines
139
Involved in metabolism and nutrient storage
Adipokines
140
Binds in neurons within brain to cause feeling of satiety after a meal
Helps reduce appetite
Leptin
141
Reduces cellular insulin resistance
Adiponectin
142
Involved in production of vitamin D
Skin
143
Can be converted into active vitamin d by _________ and __________
Liver and kidney
144
Can be converted into active vitamin d by _________ and __________
Liver and kidney
145
Secretes insulin like growth factor (IGF) in response to GH
Liver
146
What are the hormones of the liver
Angiotensinogen
Thrombopoietin
Hepcidin
147
Precursor to angiotensin, a hormone that is involved in increasing Blood pressure
Angiotensinogen
148
A hormone that stimulates platelet production
Thrombopoietin
149
Regulates iron levels
Hepcidin
