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TEAs: Anatomy > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of the cardiovascular system

A

Arteries, Veins, Cardiac muscles, Four chambers (atria, ventricles)

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2
Q

What are the upper chambers of the heart called?

A

Atria

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3
Q

What are the lower chambers of the heart called?

A

Ventricles

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4
Q

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport of nutrients, hormones, and wastes

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5
Q

What does the CLOSED circulatory double loop system consists of?

A

Thick walled arteries that transport blood, veins that transport blood, capillaries

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6
Q

What does the OPEN circulatory system consist of?

A

Circulates and filters interstitial fluids between cells and eventually drains into the circulatory system

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7
Q

What are the two part to the double loop system?

A

Pulmonary and systemic

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8
Q

What does the pulmonary loop do?

A

Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle (to be oxygenated) and returns oxygenated blood to left ventricle

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9
Q

What are the two types of contractions do the heart produce?

A

Systole and Diastole

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10
Q

Recite the Heart Cycle

A
  1. Ventricles contract (ventricular systole)
  2. atrioventricular valves to close(includes mitral and tricuspid valves) creates a lub sound
  3. Empty ventricles are filled by blood pushed out during atrial systole
  4. At the same time, semilunar valves in the aorta and pulmonary trunk close (makes dub noise)
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11
Q

Parts of the blood

A

Blood plasma, Red blood cells

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12
Q

What does blood plasma contain?

A

Nutrients, hormones, antibodies, and other immune proteins

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13
Q

What does red blood cells contain?

A

Hemoglobin, platelets

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14
Q

What are white blood cells divided into?

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

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15
Q

What are the types of granulocytes?

A

Basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils

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16
Q

What are the different types of Agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

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17
Q

Explain how blood flows through the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Oxygen enters the left ventricle; Oxygenated blood is pumped to the body
  2. As it flows through arteries to capillaries, it transports oxygen to tissues and picks up carbon dioxide
  3. Then, the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through veins. This blood is now deoxygenated and concentrated with carbon dioxide.
  4. It enters the heart through the right atrium and then flows into the right ventricle
  5. The right ventricle pumps the blood toward the lungs through arteries, where it picks up oxygen and loses carbon dioxide.
  6. Then, it returns to the heart through the left atrium using veins and starts the cycle again.
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18
Q

When do heart attacks occur?

A

Happens when blood flow to part of the heart is blocked. If one of the arteries gets blocked (usually by fatty buildup), it stops the blood from reaching the heart

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19
Q

Signs of a heart attack

A

Chest pain
Shortness of breath
Pain in arm, neck, jaw

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20
Q

What are the two types of strokes

A

Ischemic and Hemorrhagic stroke

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21
Q

When does an Ischemic stroke occur?

A

a blood clot blocks flow to the brain

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22
Q

When does a Hemorrhagic stroke occur?

A

blood vessel in the brain bursts

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23
Q

Signs of a stroke?

A

Face drooping on one side
Arm weakness, especially on one side of the body
Speech difficulty, like slurred or confused speech
Time to call for help
(FAST)

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24
Q

When do aneurysms occur?

A

Happens when a blood vessel wall weakens

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25
What are the most serious types of aneurysms
Brain: found in blood vessel in brain. can cause hemorrhagic stroke Aortic: occurs in the aorta
26
Symptoms of Aneurysms
Severe, sudden pain Dizziness, confusion, or passing out Chest or abdominal pain (aortic aneurysm)
27
How do Atherosclerosis occur
Plaque builds up inside arteries overtime
28
What is plaque made up of?
cholesterol, fats, and other substances
29
What happens to a person when a blockage occurs? (Atherosclerosis)
Heart: can cause a heart attack Brain: can lead to a stroke Legs: cause pain and difficulty walking–peripheral artery disease
30
Causes of Atherosclerosis
Unhealthy diet (high in fats and cholesterol) Smoking High blood pressure Lack of exercise
31
What are Arrhythmias?
Problems with the rhythm of your heartbeat
32
With arrhythmias, how might the heart beat?
Too fast (tachycardia), too slow (bradycardia), Irregularly (skips beats)
33
What are the different types of arrythmias?
Atrial fibrillation, Ventricular fibrillation, Supraventricular tachycardia
34
What is an atrial fibrillation (Afib)?
heart’s upper chambers (atria) beat irregular. Can lead to blood clots
35
What is a Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)?
Lower chambers (ventricles) quiver instead of pumping blood. Can be life threatening
36
What is a supraventricular tachycardia (SVT)?
A very fast heartbeat that start in the upper part of the heart
37
Symptoms of arrhythmias?
Feeling like your heart is racing or fluttering Dizziness or lightheadedness Shortness of breath Chest pain (in some cases)
38
What is hypertension
AKA high blood pressure. Force of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries is too high
39
What can high blood pressure lead to?
Heart disease/attacks Strokes Kidney damage Eye problems
40
What can cause high blood pressure?
Unhealthy lifestyle Stress Genetics Underlying conditions
41
Symptoms of hypertension?
Doesn't usually cause symptoms
42
Anatomy of the heart
Superior vena cava, aorta, pulmonary artery, pulmonary veins, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, inferior vena cava, left atrium, mitral valve, aortic valve, left ventricle
43
Arteries
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart toward other body parts
44
Veins
Vessels that carry blood toward the heart from other body parts
45
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary muscle found in the heart -- cardiovascular system. The system comprised of the heart and blood vessels
46
Hormone
A chemical messenger produced by a gland and transported by the bloodstream that regulates specific processes in the body
47
Tissue
A group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a lower level than organ
48
Systole
The portion of the cardiac cycle in which the heart expels blood
49
Relaxation
Release of tension in a muscle
50
Plasma
Clear pale yellow component of blood that carries red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets throughout the body
51
Hemoglobin
Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
52
Buffer
A solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid. Buffers maintain the proper pH of the body
53
Lymphocyte
A category of white blood cells that includes natural killer cells, B-cells, helper T-cells, and cytotoxic T-cells
54
Lymph
Clear fluid that moves throughout the lymphatic system to fight disease
55
Macrophages
A large white blood cell that ingests foreign material
56
Leukocyte
White blood cells, which protect the body against disease
57
Blood
red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals
58
Characteristics of blood
Always red. Brighter red means more oxygen
59
What is the common misconception about veins?
arteries are red and veins are blue. It’s only blue for diagram purposes
60
What is the two primary functions of the blood?
1. Maintain homeostasis (pH, temperature, Osmotic pressure) 2. Transportation (hormones, nutrients, gases)
61
what is the purpose of platelets
helps blood clots
62
What is hemoglobin
An iron, rich protein. Gives the red color of blood
63
What is the purpose of pulmonary arteries
Carry oxygen poor blood
64
What is the purpose of pulmonary veins
Carry oxygen rich blood
65
Characteristics of Atria
Thin walls, upper chambers
66
Characteristics of ventricles
Thick walls, lower chambers
67
Blood flow through the heart: Step 1
Deoxygenated blood to lungs
68
Blood flow through the heart: Step 2
Enters the Superior Vena Cava/ Inferior vena cava
69
Which part does the Inferior Vena Cava collect blood
Lower part of the body
70
Which part does the Superior Vena cava collect blood?
Upper half of the body
71
Blood flow through the heart: Step 3
Blood travels to right atrium
72
Blood flow through the heart: Step 4
The right atrium then contracts and pushes blood to the tricuspid valve
73
Blood flow through the heart: Step 5
The blood then contracts and pushes blood to the Tricuspid Valve
74
Blood flow through the heart: Step 6
Blood travels through the Pulmonic Valve to the Pulmonary Artery
75
Blood flow through the heart: Step 7
Goes to lungs to be oxygenated
76
Blood flow through the heart: Step 8
Blood returns to the heart through the Pulmonary veins
77
Blood flow through the heart: Step 9
Goes through left atrium
78
Blood flow through the heart: Step 10
Left atrium contracts and pushes blood to the Bicuspid or Mitral valve
79
Blood flow through the heart: Step 11
Blood is pushed to left ventricle
80
Blood flow through the heart: Step 12
To the aortic valve
81
Blood flow through the heart: Step 13
Finally to the aorta
82
Coronary arteries
Gives blood
83
Coronary veins
Blood returns through it. Returns to right atrium from coronary sinus
84
Characteristics of Interatrial septum
Thin, muscular
85
What are the two parts of the Interatrial septum
Fossa ovalis and limbus of the fossa ovalis
86
Which part does the interatrial septum separate?
Right and Left Atria
87
What is the function of the two septums
separate oxygen rich blood from oxygen poor blood between chambers
88
Characteristics of the interventricular septum
thick, muscular
89
Two parts of the interventricular septum
Membranous and muscular
90
What does the interventricular septum separate?
Right and Left Atria
91
What is an Atrial Septal Defect
A congenital heart defect. The interatrial septum has an abnormal opening, allowing blood to flow between the two atria.
92
What is an Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)?
A congenital heart defect. There are one or more holes in the interventricular septum, allowing blood to mix between the ventricles
93
What is the sinoatrial node?
It's the main pacemaker. SA node starts an electrical impulse-- triggers atrial contractions. It beats 60 to 100 BPM. Located in right atrium
94
What does the bachmann bundle do?
Signal from SA node to Left atrium
95
What is the Atrioventricular Node
Secondary pacemaker. It delays signals from SA node which allow the atria to contract. 40 to 60 BPM
96
Bundle of His
The only route between atria and ventricle. Right bundle branch signals to the right ventricle. Left bundle branch signals to the left ventricle
97
Purkinje Fiber
Last-ditch pacemaker. Connect with myocytes. Initializes depolarization that leads to contractions. 20 to 40 BPM
98
Depolarization =
Contraction
99
Repolarization =
Relaxation
100
What is the P wave
Atrial contractions. Occurs at the same time as the QRS complex
101
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization. Ventricular contractions. Looks like an inverted V
102
What is the normal QRS range
0.06 to 0.12 seconds
103
What is the T wave
Ventricular Repolarization
104
What is systole?
Contraction of the heart. Creates Lub sound. Top number on reading. Peak pressure in arteries. Lower than 120
105
What is diastole
Relaxation of the heart. Creates Dub sound. Bottom number on reading. lowest pressure in arteries, lower than 80

TEAs: Anatomy (13 decks)

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