Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
when does the primordial heart and vascular system appear
A
middle of week 3
2
Q
cardiovascular system is derived from (3)
A
- splanchnic mesenchyme
- paraxial and lateral mesoderm
- neural crest cells
3
Q
what specifically forms the primordial for the heart
A
splanchnic mesenchyme
4
Q
when do the angioblastic cords appear
A
day 18
5
Q
the angioblastic cords are primordial for what
A
heart
6
Q
what do the angioblastic cords do during embryonic folding
A
they fuse together and form a single heart tube
7
Q
when does the heart begin to beat?
A
22 to 23 days
8
Q
in week 4 how many veins drain into the tubular heart
A
4
9
Q
what are the 3 veins that drain into the tubular heart in week 4
A
- vitelline veins
- umbilical veins
- common cardinal veins
10
Q
what vein returns poorly oxygenated blood from umbilical vesicle
A
vitelline veins
11
Q
what vein carries well oxygenated blood from the chorion or primordial placenta
A
umbilical veins
12
Q
what vein returns poorly oxygenated blood from the body of the embryo
A
common cardinal veins
13
Q
what do the vitelline veins follow into the embryo
A
ompalogenteric duct
14
Q
what does the yolk stalk connect (ompalogenteric)
A
the midgut and the umbilical vesicle
15
Q
the venous part of the heart is called
A
sinus venosus
16
Q
which vitelline vein degenerates
A
the left one
17
Q
what does the right vitelline vein form
A
most of the hepatic portal system and the IVC
18
Q
what do the umbilical vein carry from the placenta to the sinus venosus
A
well oxygenated blood
19
Q
what week does the right umbilical vein disappear
A
week 7
20
Q
where does the ductus venosus develop and what does it connect?
A
develops in the liver and connects umbilical vein to the IVC
21
Q
what forms a bypass through the liver so that most of the blood that goes from the placenta passes directly to the heart without passing through the liver
A
ductus venosus
22
Q
what are the main venous drainage of the embryo
A
the cardianl veins
23
Q
what joins together to form the common cardinal veins and eneter the sinus venosus
A
the anterior and posterior cardinal veins
24
Q
what are the four main segments of the IVC
A
- hepatic segment
- prerenal sengment
- renal segment
- postrenal segment
25
which IVC segment is derived from hepatic vein
hepatic segment
26
which segment of IVC comes from subcardinal vein
prerenal segment
27
what is derived from subcardinal-supracardinal anastomosis
renal segment
28
what is derived from supracardinal vein
postrenal segment
29
what is the most common anomaly of the IVC
for the abdominal course to be interrupted and this results in the drainage of the limbs through the azygos and hemiazygous
30
the azygous and hemiazygous act as a what to the right atrium?
an alternate path for blood
31
what is anomaly of the SVC
double SVC and left SVC
32
in double SVC anomalies where does the left SVC open into
the right atrium through the coronary sinus
33
when there is a LCVC why does it occur
because the left anterior cardinal vein persists and it makes a SVC on the left side
34
left umbilical vein turns into what
ligamentum teres
35
what is the primodrial mycardium formed from
splanchnic mesoderm that surrounds the pericardial coelom
36
what does the endothelial lining of the heart become
the endocardium
37
epicardium is also what
visceral pericardium
38
epicardium derives from what
mesothelial cells
39
where do the mesothelial cells arise from and spread over the myocardium forming the epicardium
the sinus venosus
40
what are the five dilations on teh heart tube
- truncus arteriosus
- bulbus cordis
- primitive ventricle
- primitive atrium
- sinus venosus
41
what is it called when the primitive heart rotates to the right
dextral looping
42
what is key for the correct venous flow and proper alignment of the atrioventricular canal and the conoventricular canla
dextral looping
43
the bulbar and truncal ridges derive from what
mesenchymal cells of bulbus cordis
| neural crest mesenchyme
44
when does the AP septum form
when the bulbar and truncal ridges fuse
45
what does the AP septum divide?
the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis into aorta and pulmonary trunk
46
what is caused by abnormal neural crest cell migration and results in the partial development of the AP septum
persistent truncus arteriosus
47
PTA usually presents with what
VSD- ventricular membrane defect
| right to left shunting
48
when there is VSD and PTA the newborn is usually what
cyanotic
49
what happens in D-Transposition of the great arteries (complete)
this is when the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk arises from the left ventricle (incompatible with life)
50
when is D-transposition of the great arteries compatible with life
only if there is VSD (open fossa ovalis)
51
L-Transpostion of the great vessels (corrected)?
this is when the aorta and the pulmonary trunk are switched and so are the ventricles
52
what results in a pulmonary trunk with a small diameter and the aorta has a large diameter
TF (Tetralogy of Fallot)
53
what is TF ( and everything else caused by)
abnormal nerual crest cell migration
54
pulmonary stenosis
VSD
dextrapostion of the aorta
right ventricular hypertrophy are also signs of what
TF (tetralogy of Fallot
55
why is TF marked by cyanosis
because there is right to left shunting due to a VSD
56
when does the SA node develop near the entrance of the SVC
week 5
57
what forms from cells of the sinus venosus that incorporate into the ventricle
av node and his bundle
58
what works as the pacemaker of the heart
av, sa nodes and av bundle of his
59
sa and av nodes stimulate what
myocardium
60
the fossa ovales is the opening between what and what
upper and lower limbs of the septum secundum
61
where does the septum secundum form
the right of the septum primum
62
when does the fossa ovalis close in babies
when there is a decrease in the pressure in the right atria because there is an occlusion of the placenta circulation
pressure in the left atria increase because of pulmonary venous return
(once the lungs start working)
63
what is the most common ASD ( atrial septum defect) and describe it
foramen Secundum Defect
caused by excessive resorption of septum primum, secundum, or both
there is an openning between right and left atria
64
what is the defect called that occurs when there is only a formation of one atrium
common atrium ( Cor Triloculare Biventriculare)
65
premature closure of the fossa ovales in prenatal life leads too.
hypertrophy of the right side of the heart and the underdevelopment of the left side of the heart
66
what approaches each other to form the AP septum?
the dorsal and ventral AV cushions
67
when the dorsal and ventral AV cushions fail to form what happens
(persistent common AV canal)
there will be a large hole in the center of the heart, this will make the tricuspid and mitral valve will be one common valve
68
What is Ebsteins Anomaly?
this is when the posterior and septal leaflets of the tricuspid valve do not attach to the annulus fibrosus, so they are displaced interiorly into the right ventricle
the right ventricle is then divided into a large upper "atrialized" portion and a small lower functional portion
69
Tricuspid Atresia (hypoplastic right heart) what is this?
this is when there is complete agenesis of the tricuspid valve so there is no communication between the right atria and the right ventricle
Cyanosis will be present
70
what grows in the floor of the primitive ventricle and expands to the av cushions
muscular IV septum
71
what are the three things that proliferate and fuse to form the membraneous IV septum
- right bulbar ridge
- left bulbar ridge
- AV cushion
72
what is the most common type of VSD
membranous VSD
73
what is caused by the faulty fusion of the right bulbar ridge, left bulbar ridge, and av cushions
this will also have large right to left shunting of blood and increased pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary hypertension
membranous VSD
74
what is caused by single or multiple perforations in the muscular IV septum
Muscular VSD
75
what is caused by the failure of the membraneous and muscular IV septa to form
common ventricle (Cor Triloculare Biatriatum)
76
coarctation of the aorta
this is when the aorta is constricted
77
postductal coarctation
this is when there is constriction found after the ductus arteriosus
78
postductal coarction is associated with what
increased blood pressure in upper limbs, lack of pulse in femoral artery
79
preductal coarctation is when
there is a constriction located superior to the ductus arteriosus
80
what is it called when there is a vascular ring around the trachea and esophagus and this ring results from failure of the right aorta to disappear
double paryngeal Arch Artery
81
what is right arch of the aorta
when the entore right dorsal aorta persists and the left one degenerates
82
retroesophageal right arch may do what
cause difficulties in swallowing or breathing
83
where is the ductus arteriosus a connection between
the left pulmonary artery and the aorta
84
what is patent ductus arteriosus
when there is failure of the ductus arteriosus to close
85
maternal rubella is associated with what
patent ductus arteriosus
86
infants who are born at high altitudes and have hypoxia and immaturty can have what
patent ductus arteriosus
87
left to right shunting of oxygen rich blood from the aorta to the pulmonary circulation is caused by what
ductus arterious (patent)
88
how do you treat patent ductus arteriosus
prostaglandin synthesis inhibitaors
INDOMETHACIN
89
umbilical veins bring what kind of blood to the baby
highly oxygenated blood and it is rich in nutrients
90
what acts as a short cut to the IVC and bypasses the liver
ductus venosus
