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EMBRYO Block 3 > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

skeletal system develops from?

A
  • paraxial and lateral mesoderm

- neural crest cells

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2
Q

what forms the segmented series of tissue blocks on each side of the neural tube

A

paraxaial mesoderm

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3
Q

paraxaial froms what in the head region? what in the body region?

A
  • somitomeres

- somites

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4
Q

somites differentiate into what

A
  • sclerotome

- dermomyotome

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5
Q

what is in the ventromedial part of the somite and its cells form the vertebra and the ribs?

A

sclerotome

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6
Q

what is on the dorsal lateral part of the somite that cells form into myotome region from myoblasts and dermatome region which forms fibroblast of dermis

A

dermomyotome

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7
Q

what formes the fibroblasts of the dermis

A

dermatome region of dermomyotome

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8
Q

what forms the myoblasts

A

myotome

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9
Q

what do bones first appear as?

A

condensations of mesenchymal cells that form bone models

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10
Q

what marks the beginning of selective gene activiy which precedes cell differentiation

A

condensation

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11
Q

what are the two types of osteogenesis

A

intramembranous and endochondral

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12
Q

which kind of osteogenesis is marked by mesoderm condesning into sheets of highly vascular CT and then directly forming a primary ossifcation center

seen in most flat bones

A

intramembranous

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13
Q

what osteogenesis is marked by mesoderm that forms from hyalin cartialge model that then develops an ossification center at the diaphysis

most long bones

A

endochondral

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14
Q

what are multinucleated cells that originate from granulocyte macrophage progenitors

A

osteoclasts

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15
Q

what plays a role in bone reorption

A

osteoclasts

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16
Q

where is the primary center of ossification in long bones

A

diaphysis

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17
Q

in the primary ossifiaction center of long bones what happens to chondrocytes

A

these are cartilage cells that increase in size and then the matrix become calcified and the chondrocytes die

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18
Q

perchondrium in long bones going through endochondral ossification becomes what

A

periosteum

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19
Q

lengthening of the long bone occurs where

A

at the diaphysial-epiphysial junction ( growth plate)

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20
Q

wat is the disease that children have when there is a deficency in vitamin D, calcium, or phospahte and can lead to fractures and deformities

A

Rickets

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21
Q

if someone has knees that are widley seperated and have curved lower limbs what could they have

A

rickets

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22
Q

axial skeleton is made up of what

A
  • cranium
  • vertebral column
  • ribs
  • sternum
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23
Q

neurocranium develops from?

A

nerual crest cells

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24
Q

basilar part of the the occipital bone in the neurocranium develops from what

A

mesoderm of occipital sclerotomes

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25
during fetal life and infancy the flat bones of the scull are separated by what
sutures
26
what are the five sutures
1. frontal 2. sagittal 3. lamboid 4. coronal 5. squamous
27
sutures allow flat bones to do what when birthing
molding
28
molding may exert alot of tension on the obstertical hinge, and cause rupture of what durring childbirth
great cerebral vein of Galen
29
what are the 6 large areas were sutures meet called
anterior and posterior fontanelles
30
what are the 6 fontanelles
- anterior - posterior - 2 sphenoid - 2 mastoid
31
what is the largest fontanell
anterior
32
why does the anterior fontanelle pulsate
because of the underlying cerebral arteries
33
what fontanel can be used to obtain blood sample from underlying sagittal sinus and aslo the heart rate can be taken from here
anterior fontanelle
34
using the anterior fontanelle to check HR is good for what kind of baby
premie
35
how big is the A. fontanelle in early stages?posterior?
anterior: 3 cm posterior: 1-2cm
36
when do anterior and mastoid fontanells close
2 years
37
when do posterior and sphenoid fontanells close
6 months
38
what is it called when the cranial sutures fuse to quickly
craniosyntosis
39
in what anomaly is the calvaria absent and is coupled with defects of the vertebral column. meronecephaly can be present or ancephaly. this is INCOMPATIBLE with life
Acrania
40
what is the skull cap called
calvaria
41
what is the disorder when a fetus has complete absence of the cranium or calvaria, this is lethal
acrania
42
holocrania?
this is when there is a membranous sac filled fluid and looks like a cyst, over the brain
43
children with this are born with a normal sized- slightly small calvaria
microcephaly
44
what is due to the abnormal development of the CNS in which the brain and cranium fail to grow , this child will be severely mentally retarted
microcephaly
45
what is the most common craniosynostosis
Scaphocephaly
46
what is marked by a long skull in the anterior and posterior plane because of the premature closure of the sagittal suture
Scaphocephaly
47
what is it called when there is an asymmetric skull that is caused by the premature closure of the lamboid and coronal sutures on one side of the skull
plagiocephaly
48
what is a short, square-shaped skull that is caused by premature closure of the coronal sutures
brachyocephaly
49
what is it called when there is a tower like skull that is caused by premature closure of the lamboid and coronal sutures
oxycephaly (Barrell Head) can only grow up
50
what gene has receptors that are mutated when it comes to brachycephaly
FGF
51
what is the autosomal dominant genetic disorder that has craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia, which shallow orbits and ocular proptosis
crouzon syndrome
52
what is the autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterized by craniosynostosis, syndactyl of hands and feet, ankyloses ( stiff joints), progressive synostoses, and turribrachycephaly Mental retardation
apert syndrome
53
what is the mutation gene for apert syndrome
FGFR2
54
turribrachycephaly means
very tall head
55
what is the autosomal dominant genetic disorder that is characterized by craniosynostosis and leads to turribrachycephal, syndactyl of hands and feet, broad thumbs and great toes
Pfeiffer Syndrome
56
what is the mutation in the Pfeiffer Syndrome
FGFR2
57
what is Clover Leaf Skull/ Kleeblattschadel cause by
the closure of all sutures so the brain is forced to grow through anterior and posterior fontanells
58
the centrum forms what
vertebral body
59
vertbral arches form what
- pedicles - laminae - spinous process
60
costal processes form what
ribs
61
what vertebra has no vertebral body or spinous process
atlas
62
nucleus pulpous is the remnant of what
the notocord
63
at what age have all notocordal cells degenerated
age 20
64
what is the rim of fibrocartilage around the nucleus pulpous and derived from mesoderm that is found between the vertebral bodies
annulus fibrosus
65
what is it called when someone has shortness of neck, low hairline, and restricted neck movements. in a lot of these cases there are fewer cervical vertebrae then there are supposed to be
Klippel-Feil Syndrome | Congenital Brevicollis
66
what is the scapula like in people with klippel fleil syndrome
floating
67
scoliosis (lateral displacement of vertebral bodies) is common in?
women
68
when there s a defective annulus fibrosus the nucleus pulpos can do what
it can prolapse through the vertebral canal and impinge the nerves and cause root pain ( Radiculopathy)
69
when the pedicles fail to fuse with the vertebral body and the vertebral body moves forward causing lordosis this is called?
spondylolisthesis
70
where does congenital spondylolisthesis usually occur
L5-S1 level
71
when do the ribs ossify
durring the fetal period
72
how many true ribs?
7
73
how many false ribs
5 (8-12)
74
how many floating ribs
2 (11-12)
75
accessory ribs in what location can compress things?
cervical region
76
most common accessory rib is where
lumbar rib
77
what is it called when there is a concave depression of the lower sternum and is the most common cardiac wall defect
pectus excavatum (funnel chest)
78
people with funnel chest | usually have
- cardiopulmonary restriction - drooped shoulders - protuberant abdomen - scoliosis
79
when do sternal celfts occur
when sternal bars do not fuse
80
is sternal cleft common
yes, if it is small it is usually not a problem
81
what are the 3 things that the appendicular skeleton consist of
- pectoral girdle - pelvic girdle - limb bones
82
when do the limbs undergo chondrification to form hyaline cartilage bone models.
week 6
83
what week does ossification occur in the long bones
week 8
84
by what week has primary ossification centers appeared in nearly all bones of the limbs
by 12 weeks
85
what are the first bones to ossify
clavicles
86
adults who measure under 100 cm have what
achondroplasia
87
what is the most common lethal form of dwarfism
thanatophoric dysplasia
88
type 1 thanatophoric dysplasia has what
short curved femurs with no clover skull
89
type 2 thanatophoric dysplasia
clover skull and relatively long femurs
90
all skeletal dyplasias present what kind of mutation
FGFR3
91
marfan syndrome is caused by mutation in
fibrilin
92
marfan syndrome is more common in who
men
93
people with marfan syndrome have a high chance for what
aorta aneurysm
94
what is the severe deficiency of fetal thyroid hormone (t3-t4) production in cretinism this is rare except in areas where the water and soil lack iodine
cretinism and hypothyroidism
95
coarse fascial features umbilical hernia cool and dry skin developmental delay goiter are all signs of
creitinism and hypothyroidism
96
what is the autosomal dominant or recessive genetic disorder that is caused by the mutation of the type 1 collagen gene. there will be extreme bone fragility and spontaneous fractures
OI- Osteogenesis Imperfecta
97
blue sclera of the eye can be associated with what
osteogenesis imperfecta
98
which type of OI is very mild and will encourage the child to remain at home until 4-5th decade of life
type 1
99
what is caused by congental hyperpituritarism and excessive production of growth homrone
acromegaly
100
what are the treatment options for acromegaly?
- radiation of pituitary - durg therapy - removal of tumor
101
when do the terminal portion of the limb buds flatten
week 6
102
limb outgrowth is initiated bt what
TBX 5 and FGF 10
103
wat maintains the proliferation population of mesenchymal cells close to the ridge of the limb bud
FGF4 and FGF8
104
meromelia
partial absence of limbs
105
amelia
total absence of limbs
106
thalidomide
the anti nause pill that causes gross deformities in long bones

EMBRYO Block 3 (5 decks)

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