Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(33 cards)
How do circulatory systems in multicellular organisms supplement diffusion with bulk transport (convection)?
Through moving gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones, and components of the immune system.
What are the necessary components of the circulatory system?
Fluid that carries transported molecules and cells, a pump to move the fluids, and vessels to carry fluid between the pump and body tissues.
What is the key difference between open and closed circulatory systems?
The gastrovascular cavities. Capillaries (closed system) are the primary structure distinguishing a closed from an open system.
What is key about the open circulatory system?
The hemolymph moves through vessels that open into extracellular spaces. There is no distinction between the hemolymph and interstitial fluid.
What is key about the closed circulatory system?
Blood is pumped from a heart through vessels that return blood to the heart; capillaries.
What is the Gastrovascular Cavity?
The simplest type of circulatory system. It’s found in cnidarians and relies on water currents to bring nutrients and release waste.
What is the basic information about the open circulatory system?
It’s found in many invertebrates, the blood pumped by the heart empties into an open fluid space.
There is the heart, and blood vessels are open to the animal’s body cavity (hemocoel).
Blood + interstitial fluid = heamolymph.
What is important about the open circulatory system?
There is the limited ability to alter the velocity or distribution of blood flow, a low rate of oxygen transfer.
Why are insects an exception?
Because despite the usual low rate of oxygen transfer in open circulatory systems, their circulatory system is not involved in oxygen transport so insects can maintain high metabolic rates.
What are the functions of insect haemolymph?
The transports of nutrients, hormones, waste products, and immune molecules. The haemolymph cells are involved in wound repair and immune response. Hydraulic skeleton (especially in larvae), heat transfer, and important CO2 sink.
What is important about the closed circulatory system?
All vertebrates and some invertebrates (cephalopods) have this type of system. It’s ideal for large animals as it allows blood to reach all cells. The blood flows in a continuous circuit of tunes. The capillary beds allow fine control of blood distribution, which can increase the delivery of oxygen to tissue very rapidly.
What kind of cardiovascular system design do fish have?
Single circulation.
What kind of cardiovascular system design do amphibians have?
Parallel circulation.
What kind of cardiovascular system design do mammals, birds, and crocodiles have?
Double circulation.
What is Single Circulation?
The ventricles generate relatively low pressure in ventral aorta, which contains deoxygenated blood. There is high gill resistance to blood flow, which means a further drop at gills. The low pressure in dorsal aorta limits the ability to differentially distribute blood to tissues in response to demand.
The heart is always pumping low oxygen blood to the gills, where there is gas exchange; there is a major drop in pressure to the tissues and then back to the heart.
The body of the fish works at a very low pressure, and is a lot less efficient than in humans (low metabolic energy?).
What is involved in the Parallel circulation?
Left (oxygenated blood) and right (largely deoxygenated blood) atria, and a single spongy ventricle. It doesn’t need to have equal circulation, which is an adaption that helps organisms live in water (can shut down the artery that sends blood to the lungs); mixing the poorly oxygenated blood with the oxygenated blood allows organisms to adapt to life on land and in water.
What is involved in the Single Circulation?
Contains a single atrium and ventricle filled with deoxygenated blood.
What is Parallel Circulation?
Where the pulmocutaneous artery has pulmonary and cutaneous branches. There is good flow separation in a single ventricle (laminar flow), which leads to little mixing. The spiral valve in truncus maintains the separation so oxygenated blood goes to tissues in aorta, and relatively deoxygenated blood goes to lungs and skin.
What are the advantages of parallel circulation?
The cardiac output (mL/min) can be different in systemic and pulmocutaneous circulations.
Adapted to periodic ventilation, blood is diverted to lung while breathing and away from lung during apnea.
What is the disadvantage of parallel circulation?
The single ventricle produces relatively low blood pressure; less capacity to ‘flood’ newly active tissue with blood.
What is involved in Double Circulation?
The complete separation of pulmonary and systemic blood; a right and left atrium and a right and left ventricle.
What is Double Circulation?
The heart muscle is supplied with oxygen by a branch of the systemic circulation (coronary arteries).
Flow has to be equal in the pulmonary and systemic circulations or else one would become more volume loaded compared to the other.
Fluid transfer across the capillaries depends on hydrostatic pressure and osmotic forces (Starling forces).
What is an advantage of double circulation?
Systemic circulation can operate at a high arterial pressure so that flow can be selective to organs and tissues.
Pulmonary circulation is a low pressure, low resistance circuit.
How does blood enter the heart?
Left heart blood goes through aorta in the large artery; right heart blood enters through the inferior vena cava, in the large vein.
