Cardiovascular system

Question 1

Components of cardiovascular system

Answer 1

Heart
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

Question 2

Define microvascular bed

Answer 2

anastomosing network of capillary tubules formed in almost every organ

Question 3

Which structures converge to form veins?

Answer 3

venules

Question 4

Define elastic artery.

Answer 4

Large vessels whose major role is to carry blood to smaller arteries

Question 5

Examples of conducting arteries.

Answer 5

Aorta

Pulmonary artery and their largest branches (ex: thyrocervical trunk)

Question 6

Another name for elastic artery

Answer 6

Conducting artery

Question 7

All arteries carry oxygenated blood except

Answer 7

Pulmonary artery carrying deoxygenated blood to lungs

umbilical artery

Question 8

How structure of arteries change as you move farther from the heart.

Answer 8

Elastic lamellae decrease and smooth muscle increases

Question 9

Difference between elastic and muscular arteries

Answer 9

Elastic arteries

• for conduction
• tunica media has more elastic lamellae, but less smooth muscle

Muscular arteries

• for distribution
• tunica media has more smooth muscle, but less elastic lamellae

Question 10

Function of elastic lamellae in conducting arteries.

Answer 10

Allow for stretch within a certain limit during systole (contraction) and passively rebound during diastole (relaxation), to maintain constant blood pressure

Question 11

Thouroughfare channel

Answer 11

distal end of metarteriole lacking smooth muscle

Question 12

What determines which molecules get to interact with endothelial cells of capillaries?

Answer 12

the type of basement membrane

Question 13

Composition of diaphragms covering perforations of fenestrated capillaries.

Answer 13

proteoglycans

Question 14

Location of continuous capillaries.

Answer 14

muscles 
connective tissue 
nervous tissue 
lungs 
exocrine glands

Question 15

Types of capillaries found in 1) endocrine glands 2)exocrine glands

Answer 15

endocrine glands have fenestrated capillaries

Exocrine glands have continuous capillaries

Question 16

Where are sinusoid capillaries found?

Answer 16

liver
spleen
bone marrow
some endocrine organs

Question 17

3 major layers of the heart.

Answer 17

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

Question 18

Purkinje fibers are found in which layer of the heart?

Answer 18

In the endocardium’s subendocardial layer

Question 19

The thickest layer of the heart

Answer 19

Myocardium

Question 20

True or false; Myocardium is thicker in atria walls than in ventricle walls

Answer 20

False: it has to be thicker in ventricle walls as they need more pressure to pump it to the rest of the body

Question 21

Name of the simple squamous epithelium surrounding epicardium layer

Answer 21

mesothelium

Question 22

Valves of veins project from which layer?

Answer 22

Tunica intima

Question 23

Classification of veins.

Answer 23

Is based on diameter/size
There are 4 types 
1. Venules <0.1 mm
2. Small veins <1 mm
3. Medium veins <10mm
4. Large veins >10mm

Question 24

Distinguishing features of muscular arteries.

Answer 24

1. Tunica media most prominent and rich in smooth muscle cells
2. Very clear demarcation between tunica media and tunica intima by prominent internal elastic lamina

Question 25

Distinguishing features of capillaries .

Answer 25

No tunica media or adventitia

Question 26

What space thickens with age and can cause complications with heart blood supply?

Answer 26

Subendothelial space

Question 27

Function of smooth muscles in blood vessels

Answer 27

Contraction | Produce fibers

Question 28

Heart conduction system components

Answer 28

AV SA artrioventricular bundle of His Purkinje fibers

Question 29

Define cardiac conducting system

Answer 29

modified cardiac muscle fibers that stimulate rythmic contractions of the heart

Question 30

Type of connective tissue that makes up cardiac skeleton

Answer 30

Dense irregular C.T.

Question 31

Layers of tunica intima

Answer 31

Endothelium CT Internal elastic lamina

Question 32

Functions of endothelium

Answer 32

1. Thrombogenic barrier 2. Semipermeable membrane 3. produces factors that make adjacent smooth muscle cells to contract/relax 4. Produce factors to initiate inflammation

Question 33

How does endothelium act as a thromobogenic barrier

Answer 33

produces factors that prevent blood clotting

Question 34

How Embolus forms

Answer 34

when endothelial layer damaged and platelets contact connective tissue, fibrinogen is converted to the insoluble fibrin forming blood clots that can dislodge and are then called emboli

Question 35

End artery

Answer 35

supplies only one tissue

Question 36

Virchow's triad

Answer 36

Describes factors that contribute to thrombosis

Question 37

Factors of Virchow's triad

Answer 37

1. Endothelial injury 2. Stasis (blood not moving) 3. Blood content (ex: progesterone makes blood more prone to clotting)/Hypercoagubility

Question 38

Capillary beds drain into

Answer 38

venules