Digestive system Flashcards by Praise Melchizedek

Peyer’s patches

clumps of lymphatic tissue (also called aggregated lymphoid nodules) that are found in the ileum of the small intestine
they have immune function of preventing bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine

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GALT is found in which layer of digestive tract?

mucosa’s lamina propria

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layers of mucosa

Lining epithelium (mucous membrane) 
Lamina propria 
Muscularis externus

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Location and function of Meissner’s plexus

In the submucosa

Innervate muscles of mucosa muscularis externus and blood vessels

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Where only does submucosa have glands?

Esophagus and duodenum

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Auerbach’s plexus

found between circular and longtudinal layers of muscularis externus of mucosa

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Characteristic of outer longitudinal layer of mucosa in large intestines

It is d iscontinuous

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Extent of oesophagus

from neck to mediastinum of chest (space between the lungs) and abdomen

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Unique features of the oesophagus

It’s one of the only two places whose submucosa has glands. its glands are called proper glands
In its entire length, lining is stratified squamous non-keratinized
Its muscularis externa has both smooth and skeletal muscle in addition

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Explain distribution of smooth and skeletal muscle along length of oesophagus

Upper 1/3rd only skeletal muscle
Middle 1/3rd, both skeletal and smooth
Lower 1/3rd, only smooth muscle

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Type of connective tissue of mucosa’s lamina propria

Loose irregular CT

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Connective tissue type of submucosa

Dense irregular CT

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Difference between serosa and adventitia

serosa is the covering of esothelium (walls of cavities) and is found where GIT is hanging freely
Adventitia is connective tissue that connects structures

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Main function of stomach

dissolve and mix ingested food creating chyme

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Function of rugae

folds that allow for expansion of stomach

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Gastric pits are found in the ____ of the mucosa

mammillated areas

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3 parts of gastric glands

neck
isthmus
fundus

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Composition of stomach mucous

bicarbonate

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How cloudy mucous protects stomach from its acidic pH

since it’s alkaline, it raises pH at the surface to 4-5 from the pH of 1-2 of gastric juices

Hiatus hernia

when part of the stomach protrudes through a cavity in the diaphragm. more common in women than men and is usually asymptomatic.
can cause reflex of stomach contents into oesophagus

Most common site of stomach cancer

esophago-gastric junction

Tubulovesicular system

a system of membranes

Pyroli sphincter formed by which layer of the stomach

3rd layer /oblique layer

Main function of intestine

absorption of nutrients and other components of food (completes digestion process)

Area of small intestine with greatest surface area for absorption

Jejunum

Compare the plicae circulares of the different parts of the small intestine *MNEMONIC for parts of small intestine: DJ Izzy

plicae circulares are thicker, taller, and more | numerous in the jejunum than in the duodenum or ileum.

Valves of Kerkring

submucosal extensions that project into intestinal lumen to increase surface area for absoprtion also called Plica Circularis

True or false: Villi are submucosal projections

False: villi are mucosal projections

Crypts of Lieberkhun

epithelia of the villi extending down into the lamina propria where they form crypts which are glands their Paneth cells secrete intestinal juices

Type of secretions produced by crypts of lieberkhun

serous

Function of Paneth cells of intestinal crypts

provide innate immunity

Main function of large instestine

Passive absorption of water

Gastroesophagial reflux disease (GERD)

In which inferior sphincter of oesophagus is not working and there is reflux of stomach acid into the oesophagus. Because the mucous of the oesophagus does little to protect against acid, it can lead to metaplasia of the stratified squamous non-keratinized changing to simple columnar cells forming Barret oesophagus

Barret esophagus

complication of GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease). dangerous because it can lead to cancer (ESOPHAGIAL ADENOCARCINOMA)

Characteristics of protein-secreting cells

Prominent nucleolus Basophilic cytoplasm Extensive ER

Gastrin is produced by

G cells (type of enteroendocrine cells)

Crohn disease; location, causes, and symptoms

Disease of digestive tract most commonly affecting ileum or colon. Caused by combination of genetic and environmental and autoimmune factors. Symptoms include excess lymphocyte activity in all layers of GIT wall of affected area, bleeding, mal-absoprtion, pain, and diarrhea

Difference between adsorption and absorption

in absorption, the molecule penetrates through the liquid/solid doing the absorbing. but in adsorption, the molecule adheres and concentrates on the surface without going through it

Function of small intestine's glycocalyx coat

Adsoprtion of nutrients then the enzymes present on it digest those nutrients which are then absorbed

Function of Brunner's glands. In which part of the GIT are they found, and in which layer?

To secrete mucous | They are found in the duodenum of small instestine in the submucosa

Location of Crypts of Lieberkhun.

The small and large intestie

Location of anal transitional zone. What happens here?

Located in the middle 1/3rd of anal canal | Cells changes from simple columnar to stratified squamous

Enumerate the Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome.

also called Gastrinoma a tumor of enteroendocrine cells at the gastroduodenal junction that produces excess gastrin hormone = excess HCl production = peptic ulcers

Which type of gland has the most parietal and chief cells?

fundic glands

Differentiate pyrolic glands from cardiac and fundic glands.

Extend up to submucosa of duodenum unike the cardiac and fundic glands which only reach mucosa