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Human Embryology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is derived from the splanchnic mesoderm

A

Primordium of heart

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2
Q

What is derived from the paraxial and later mesoderm

A

Internal ears

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3
Q

What develops from the neural crest cells

A

Region between the optic vesicles and the caudal limits of teh third pair of somites

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4
Q

Development of the intraembryonic coelom

A

Spaces appear in the later mesoderm and coalesce to form the intraembryonic coelom

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5
Q

What does the intraembryonic coelom divide

A

Divides the intraembryonic mesoderm into somatic and splanchnic layers

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6
Q

Vasculogenesis

A

Formation of new vascular channels by assembly of individual cell precursors called angioblasts

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7
Q

Angiogenesis

A

Formation of new vessels by budding and branching from preexisting vessels

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8
Q

Primary cardiogenic field

A

Atrium, left ventricle, portion of right ventricle

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9
Q

Secondary cardiogenic field

A

Rest of rig t ventricle, bulbous cordis, truncus arteriosus

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10
Q

What do blood islands differentiate

A

Differentiate mesodermal cells under fgf, form blood vessels via. Vasculogenesis

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11
Q

Vitelline veins

A

Return poorly oxygenated blood from the umbilical vesicle via the omphaloenteric duct. Veins enter the sinus venosus, left side degenerates while the right side forms the hepatic portal system

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12
Q

Umbilical veins

A

Carry well oxygenated blood from the chorion to the sinus venosus, right side and cranial part of the left uv between the liver and sinus venosus degenerates. Caudal part of the left uv becomes the umbilical vein, which carries all the blood from the placenta to the embryo

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13
Q

Cardinal veins

A

Main venous drainage system of the embryo, anterior drains the cranial embryo, posterior drains the caudal embryo. Both join the common cardinal veins which enter the sinus venous.Return poorly oxygenated blood from the embryo, left (posterior) side degenerates, right (anterior) side becomes the brachiocephalic vein

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14
Q

Left right left

A

Vitelline, umbilical, common cardinal

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15
Q

Sinus venosus

A

Veinous end of the heart

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16
Q

What does the right vitelline vein become

A

Hepatic portal system

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17
Q

Ductus venosus

A

Large venous shunt, develops within the liver and connects the umbilical vein with the inferior vena cava

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18
Q

What forms the left brachiocephalic vein

A

In week 8 the anterior cardinal veins become connected by and anastomosis which shunts blood from the left to the right when the caudal av degenerates

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19
Q

Ivc

A

Inferior vena cava

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20
Q

When does the ivc form

A

Forms during a series of changes on the primordial veins of the trunk that occur as blood, returning from the caudal embryo, is shifted from left to right

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21
Q

Hepatic segment

A

Segment of the ivc , derived from the hepatic vein and hepatic sinusoids

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22
Q

Prerenal segment

A

Segment of the ivc, Derived from the right sub cardinal vein

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23
Q

Renal segment

A

Segment of the ivc, derived from the sub cardinal-supracardinal vein

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24
Q

Post rental segment

A

Segment of the ivc, derived from the right supracardinal vein

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25
When do the pharyngeal arch arteries form
Week 4/5
26
Pharyngeal arch arteries
Supply blood to the pharyngeal arches, arise from the aortic sac and terminate in the dorsal aorta
27
Dorsal aorta
Initially run the entire embryo length, caudal portions fuse to form a single lower thoracic/abdominal aorta. Right regresses, left becomes primordial aorta
28
What forms the primordial aorta
Left dorsal aorta
29
Intersegmental arteries
Branches of the dorsal aorta, roughly 30 ia’s pass between and carry blood to the somites and their derivatives, for, the vertebral artery in the neck, for, the intercostal arteries in the thorax
30
What forms the vertebral artery
Intersegmental arteries in the neck join
31
What forms the intercostal arteries
Intersegmental arteries in the thorax
32
What do the abdominal inter segmental arteries becomes
Lumber arteries, the 5th pair of lumbar ias re aims as the common iliac arteries
33
What forms the common iliac arteries
The 5th Lauren of lumbar intersegmental arteries
34
What forms the sacral arteries
Sacral region of the intersegmental arteries
35
Fate of the vitelline arteries
Pass to the vesicle and later the primordial gut, which forms the incorporated part of the umbilical vesicle
36
What vitelline arteries persist
Celiac arterial trunk, superior mesenteric artery, inferior mesenteric artery
37
What brings blood to the foregut
Celiac arterial trunk
38
What brings blood to midgut
Superior mesenteric artery
39
What brings blood to hindgut
Inferior mesenteric artery
40
Fate of the umbilical arteries
Proximal part becomes internal iliac arteries and superior vesicle arteries, whereas the distal part becomes medial umbilical ligament
41
When does heart development begin
End of week 3 with a condensation of mesoderm ventral to the intraembryonic coelom - the cardiogenic region condenses
42
Development of the heart tube
Starts with the condensation of the cardiogenic area, forms 2 angioblastic cords that canalize to become heart tubes. Lateral body folding causes tubes to fuse into a single heart tube.
43
What does the wall of the heart tube consist of
Endothelium, cardiac jelly, myocardium, epicardium
44
What forms the endocardium
Endothelium of the heart tube
45
What becomes the subendocardial CT
Cardiac jelly
46
What becomes the cardiac muscle
Myocardium of the heart tube
47
What forms the epicardium
Mesothelial cells
48
What are the five heart tube dilations
Truncus arteriosus, bulbous cordis, ventricle, atrium, sinus venosus
49
What suspends the heart from the dorsal wall
Dorsal mesocardium
50
Transverse pericardial sinus
Communication between the right and left sides of the pericardial. Formed when the central part of the dorsal mesocardium degenerates
51
What end of the heart I fixed in position
Arterial and venous ends
52
Bulboventricular loop
Forms as the bulbous cordis and the ventricle grow, causing the heartube to fold upon itself
53
What part of the heart tube moves
Atrium and sinus venosus move dorsally and to the left
54
When does contraction of the year begin
Day 22
55
When does blood begin to circulate
Week 4
56
What transcription factor causes the atrium and sinus venosus to move
PTX2
57
How does blood return to the sinus venosus
Cardiac, umbilical, and vitelline veins
58
What is the order of blood flow in the heart
Sinus venosus, atrium, ventricle, bulbous cordis, truncus arteriosus, aortic sac, aortic arches, dorsal aorta
59
What arteries carry blood from the dorsal aorta
Intersegmental arteries, umbilical arteries, vitelline arteries
60
When does the partitioning of the heart begin
Week 8
61
When does the partitioning of the heart end
Week 8
62
What is the purpose of the partitioning of the heart
Stops the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
63
Atrioventral canal
Separates the atrium from the ventricles and the left and right side of the heart
64
Formation of the av canal
Endocardial cushions form on the ventral and dorsal walls, they grow and fuse which divides the AV canal into the left and right AV canals. Following inductive signals from the myocardium, a segment of the inner endocardial cells undergoes epithelial mesenchymal transformation which then invades the extracellular matrix
65
EMT
Epithelial mesenchymal transformation
66
Factors for EMT
TGF-B1, TGF-B2, BMP-2A, BMP-4, the zinc finger slug and activin-receptor-like kinase (ChALK2)
67
Artrial septal defects
Result from excessive resorption of the septum primmer and defective development of the septum secendum
68
Ventricular septal defects
Most common, results in a patent interventricular foremen
69
Transposition of the great arteries
Results when the aorticopulmonary septum doesnt spiral and the origin of great arteries is reversed
70
Umbilical vein derivative
Ligamentum teres
71
Ductus venosus derivative
Ligamentum venosus
72
Umbilical arteries derivatives
Medial umbilical ligaments andvesicular arteries
73
Foramen ovals derivative
Fossa oval is
74
Ductus arteriosus derivative
Ligamentum arteriosum
75
What marks the division of the primitive atrium
formation of the septa primum and septum secendum
76
Foramen ovale
opening between the bottom of the septum primum and the endocardial cushions
77
when does the foramen primum disappear
when the septum primum fuses with the endocardial cushions
78
What divides the primitive ventricle
muscular rige grows upwards from the floor of the ventricle to form the interventricular septum
79
When does the IV septum completely form
week 7
80
What does the fusion of the IV foramen result from
fusion of tissues from 3 sources, right bulbar ridge, left bulbar ridge, endocardial cushion
81
What occurs after the closure of the IV foramen
Pulmonary trunk is in communication with the right ventricle and the aorta communicates with the left ventricle
82
Changes to the sinus venosus (left to right)
right horn increases and left horn decreases, orifice moves to the right and opens into the right atrium, right horn of sinus venosus is incorporated into the wall of the right atrium, left horn of sinus venosus becomes the coronary sinus
83
Primordial pulmonary vein
incorporates into the wall of the left atrium as it expands, forming four pulmonary veins as a result
84
Aorticopulmonary septum
forms as a result of the fusion of the muscular bulbar and truncal ridges, spiral partition that divides the bulbus cordus and truncus arteriosus into the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
85
Bulbar and truncal ridges
Derived from neural crest mesenchyme, neural crest cells migrate through the primordial pharynx and pharyngael arches to reach the ridges.
86
fate of bulbus cordis
incorporated into the walls of the definitive ventricles, becomes the conus arteriosus in the right ventricle and the walls of the aortic vestibule in the left ventricle
87
Conus arteriosus
Infundibulum, gives rise to the pulmonary trunk in the right ventricle
88
Aortic Vestibule
Part of the ventricular cavity just inferior to the aortic valve
89
Atrial Septal Defects
among the most common congenital heart defects, result from excessive resorption of the septum primum or development of the septum secendum, can result in patent foramen ovale or patent foramen primum
90
Ventricular septal defects
Most common congenital heart defects, usually involve membranous part of the septum, results in a patent interventricular foramen
91
Transposition of the Great Arteries
results when aorticopulmonary septum doesn't spiral and origin of great arteries is reversed
92
Why is prenatal circulaton dfferent
lungs are nonfunctional, placenta serves in gas exchange
93
Umbilical vein derivative
ligamentum teres
94
ductus venous derivative
ligamentum venosum
95
umbilical arteries derivative
medal umbilical ligaments and vescular arteries
96
Formen ovale derivative
fossa ovalis
97
Ductus arteriosus derivative
arteriosum
98
Patent ductus arteriosus
occurs commonly in premature babies
99
patent foramen ovale
results in blood flowing from LA into RA, and decreases cardiac output
100
Breached fetus
improperly positioned upon birth
101
Biggest issues in preterm babies
immature lungs, underdeveloped immune system,
102
Nitric Oxide
Vesodilator

Human Embryology (9 decks)

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