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Human Embryology > Urogenital System > Flashcards

Urogenital System Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

2 parts of the urogenital system

A

urinary and genital systems

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2
Q

what does the urogenital system develop from

A

the intermediate mesoderm which forms a longitudinal urogenital ridge

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3
Q

Urinary system constituents

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, nephrons

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4
Q

Kidneys

A

produce urine

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5
Q

Ureters

A

Convey urine from the kidneys to the bladder

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6
Q

bladder

A

stores urine

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7
Q

Urethra

A

excrete urine from the bladder

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8
Q

Nephrons

A

functional units of the kidney

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9
Q

Pronephroi

A
  • rudimentary and non-functional
  • appear in early week 4 as sedmentally arranged cell and tubular structures in the cervical region of the mesoderm
  • Ducts run caudally and open into the cloaca
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10
Q

Mesonephroi

A
  • Function for a short time
  • Appear in late week 4
  • Arise from cell clusters which form vesicles then tubules
  • Tubules contact pronephric duct which now becomes the mesonephric duc
  • Degenerate at the end of the first trimester, tubules become the efferent ductules of the testes
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11
Q

Mesonephrc Kidneys

A

Consist of glomeruli and tubules. Mesonephric tubules open into bilateral mesonephric ducts which open into the cloaca.

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12
Q

Metanephroi

A
  • Permanent kidneys
  • Develop week 5, function week 10
  • produce urine and excretes it into the amniotic fluid, fetus drinks amniotic fluid ad wastes are absorbed and released via. the placenta
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13
Q

What do the metanephroi develop from

A

metanephric diverticulum and metanephric blastema

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14
Q

Metanephric diverticulum

A

begins as an outgrowth from the mesonephric duct near the cloaca
- gives rise to the ureter (stalk), renal pelvis, major and minor callices, collecting ducts and tubules (cranial portion)

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15
Q

Metanephric blastema

A
  • located in the caudal part of the nephrogenic cord

- as collecting tubules form, they induce the mesoderm to form clusters, vesicles, tubules, nephrons

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16
Q

First generation tubules (nephroi)

A

four tubules, become confluent and form major callices

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17
Q

Second generation tubules (nephroi)

A

Coalesce and form minor calices

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18
Q

what invaginates the proximal ends of metanephric tubules

A

glomeruli

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19
Q

Reciprocal inductive influence

A

When differentiation of both primordia depends on inductive signals from the other
- ex. metanephric diverticulum and mesoderm have reciprocal inductive influence

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20
Q

Examples of reciprocal induction

A
  • Branching of the metanephric dverticulum is dependent on induction by the metanephric mesenchyme
  • Differentiation of the nephrons depends on induction by the collecting tubules
  • Metanephric diverticulum and the netanephrogenic blastem interact and induce eachother to form the permanent kidneys
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21
Q

Formation of uriniferous tubules

A

Metanephric tubules become continuous with the collecting tubules and for uriniferous tubules

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22
Q

Uriniferous tubules constituents

A

Consists of two embryologically different parts

  • a nephron derived from the metanephrogenic blastema
  • a collecting tubule derived from the metanephric diverticulum
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23
Q

How common are variations in arterial supply to kidneys

A

25%

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24
Q

When do definitive renal arteries appear

A

Week 9

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25
Abnormalities of kidneys and ureters
Renal agenesis, Ectopic kidneys, horseshoe kdney, duplications of upper urinary tract - occur in 3-4%
26
Renal agenesis
Unilateral or bilateral kidneys
27
Ectopic kidneys
Kidneys sit in abnormal position
28
Horseshoe kidney
Inferior poles are fused
29
What divides the cloaca
Urorectal septum divides it into dorsal rectum and ventral urogenital sinus
30
What are the bladder and urethra derived from
Urogenital sinus and adjacent mesoderm
31
Exstrophy of bladder
results from failure of mesoderm to migrate and improper formation of anterior abdominal wall
32
Inastomosis
Fusion of blood vessels
33
When is genetic sex determined
At the time of fertilization, depending on the type of sperm that fertilizes the oocyte
34
what is the initial period of genital development called
Indifferent stage of sexual development
35
Gonads
Testes and ovaries
36
Where are the gonads derived from
- Mesothelium lining the posterior abdominal wall - Underlying mesenchyme - Primordial germ cells
37
What differentiates into an ovary
the cortex of the indifferent gonad
38
What differentiates into testis
The medulla of the indifferent gonad
39
What occurs when the medulla of the indifferent gonad differentiates
The cortex regresses, except for vestigial remnants
40
Primordial germ cells
- Large spherical sex cells, visible early n the fourth week - Endodermal cells of the umbilical vesicle near the allantois - Migrate along the dorsal mesentery of the hindgut to the gonadal ridges
41
What occurs to the primordial germ cells in week 6
They enter the underlying mesenchyme and are incorporated in the gonadal cords
42
What regulates primordial germ cell migration
the genes stella, fragilis, and BMP-4
43
TDF
Testes-determining factor, an SRY gene product localized in the Y chromosome that determines testicular differentiation
44
What occurs in the presence of TDF
Gonadal sex cords become seminiferous tubules (with the involvement of SOX9 and FGF9), tubuli recti and rete testes as they branch and anastomose
45
What do the walls of seminiferous tubules incluse
- Spermatogonia derived from primordial germ cells | - Sertoli cells derived from surface mesothelium
46
Leydig
Interstitial cells, derived from mesoderm that lie between seminiferous tubules. - begin to secrete testosterone in week 8 which influences development of indifferent ducts and external genitalia
47
Development of an ovary from the indifferent gonad
gonadal sex cords degenerate, cortical cords for and incorporate primordial germ cells, break up into clusters to form primordial follicles
48
Indifferent duct system
mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts (lateral)
49
Uterovaginal primordium
cranial ends of paramesonephric ducts open into the peritoneal cavity and the caudal ends are fused
50
Paramesonephric inhibiting hormone
Produced by testes in sertoli cells, inhibits the development of paramesonephric ducts - Females don't have this, paramesonephric ducts develop and mesonephric ducts regress
51
What does the mesonephric duct give rise to
Epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct
52
Efferent ductules
male genitalia ducts, formed from mesonephric tubules
53
Development of female genital ducts from indifferent ducts
Mesonephric ducts regress, cranial ends of paramesonephric ducts form uterine tubes, caudal fused portion forms uterovaginal primordium which gives rise to epithelium and glands of the uterus and superior portion of vagina. Remainder of the wall develops from mesoderm
54
When do external genitalia begin to develop
Week 4
55
What are the indifferent external genitalia
Genital tubercle, labioscrotal swellings, urogenital folds
56
Development of male external genitalia
Testosterone results in masculinization of indifferent external genitalia, phallus elongates to become the glans penis, urogenital folds fuse to form penile urethra, corpora cavernosa and sponsgiosum develop from mesoderm of penis, labioscrotal sweelings fuse to form the scrotum
57
Development of female external genitalia
Absence of testosterone results in little change, phallus becomes clitoris, urogenital folds become labia minora, labioscrotal swellings become labia majora
58
SRY
Sex determining region on the Y-chromosome
59
Sertoli cells
Derives from epithelium, serve as cells for sperm and produce antimullerian hormone
60
AMH
Antimullerian hormone

Human Embryology (9 decks)

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